Biomed mod.15 obj.14-20

• a series of complex enzymatic reactions designed to activate specific coagulation proteins; most are plasma proteins
• Activated in a stepwise/cascading fashion
•   -similar to knocking over dominos
• The coagulation proteins are enumerated with Roman numerals (I, II, IV, IX, VIII, etc.)

• The dominos in in the coagulation game
• once one is activated, the new active form stimulates the next factor, which activates the next and so on.
• Most of these factors are synthesized in the Liver.

coagulation, pathway

• Extrinsic pathway
• Intrinsic 
• They merge at the common pathway

• activated by damage outside of the vessel, specifically tissue
• Tissue factor (TF) or tissue thromboplastin is a tissue protein that is released from the damaged tissue into the blood.
• This pathway has fewer steps and occurs rapidly

• Merge at the common pathway
•  -Formation of prothrombinase 
• Formation of thrombin from prothrombin (factor II)
• Formation of fibrin from fibrinogen (factor I)
• Fibrin forms the clot and strengthens the platelet plug
• Ca⁺⁺ plays a role throughout almost every step of the clotting process.

clot, platelet plug

• Vitamin K: helps in the synthesis of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X.
• Calcium: required as a cofactor for almost every step of the coagulation process.

• They are almost the same liquid: side by side they look the same
• Serum: The liquid portion of clotted blood 
•   -if the sample has clotted, the clotting factors have been utilized
• Plasma: The liquid portion of unclotted blood
•   -if a sample of blood hasn't been aloud to clot, it still has available clotting factors.

• Thrombus: stationary blood clot
• Embolus: a circulating particle, often a clot that may obstruct a blood vessel
•   -can be fat, air, cholesterol plaque, blood clump or platelets, etc.
• Thromboembolus: A stationary clot (Thrombus) That dislodged from its primary site and traveled to another location.

• The "un-clotting" system
• As coagulation occurs, tissue and activated clotting factors, result in the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin.
• Plasmin: a very potent proteolytic enzyme
•   -it dissolves the clot by digesting fibrin 
•   -interferes with new clot formation by inactivating fibronogen, prothrombin, and other clotting factors.

• Given to people who are prone to forming clots
• commonly referred to as Blood-thinners
• But they do not change the viscosity of the blood, and they don't decrease a persons hematocrit, (do not thin the blood)
• they inhibit coagulation

• Heprin: Administered intravenously to a stroke or heart attack victim
• Coumadin (warfarin): oral medication used to inhibit clotting in high-risk patients
• EDTA: Present in blood-draw tubes used for blood counts.
• Sodium Citrate: Present in blood collection bags for blood donation.
• Aspirin: Inhibits platelet aggregation

True.

-D-Con is a common example

-it is not a mouse poison, it is a mouse anticoagulant. The mouse consumes enough over time until they have a lethal dose.  Without the ability to clot they, will simply bleed to death.

• chemicals used in medicine that breakdown clots that have already formed.
•  -Stroke, myocardial infraction, emboli, and thrombi
• Tissue-plasminogen activator (TPA)

Specific cell markers that indicates the blood type.

false.

• -A person isn't born with A and B antibodies but they are formed shortly after birth (within 6 months)
• -research doesn't know what causes this, but the current theory is that the immune system reacts to something in the environment that appears, like an A and/or B antigen.

• A antigens
• B antibodies

• B antigens 
• A antibodies

• A and B antigens
• no A or B antibodies

• Neither A or B antigens 
• Neither A or B antibodies

• The Rh blood type identifies whether a person has the Rh antigen or not
• If they have it, they are Rh+, if they don't they are Rh-
• 85% of the population has the Rh antigen (Rh+).
• People do not normally have antibodies to the Rh antigen in their plasma
• Rh- people can develop anti-Rh antibody if they are ever exposed to Rh+ blood
•   -This is because they don't have the antigen and it is foreign to them.

True

it is very rare for a person to receive whole blood.

RBCs from a donor are given to a needy recipient 

-When receiving blood, the patient doesn't want to see any antigens they haven't seen before, or any that they have antibodies for, or the newly transfused RBCs will be flagged for destruction by the immune system.

-Giving the wrong type of blood can cause the patient to develop a fever, go into shock, result in acute renal failure.

• Blood type O
• there are no A or B antigens on the RBCs 
• There aren't any A or B antigens to react with

• Blood type AB
• don't have any A or B antibodies in their plasma.

• caused by a blood incompatibility between a fetus and an expectant mother.
• The mother is producing an antibody against the antigens on her child's RBc
• Normally a babies blood never mixes wqith a mother's 
• if there are any antigens the mother doesn't recognize as hers, she can make an antibody against it.
• Throughout the pregnancy, a mother is transferring antibody to the fetus to protect against the disease.
• As long as these antibodies are not targeting baby's cells, this relationship works great.

An incompatibility with Rh

• The problem arises if :
•   -Dad is Rh+
•   -Mom is Rh-
•   -baby is Rh+, due to the genetics inherited from the father.

• Mother's who are Rh- are given an injection of Rhogam
• Rhogam is commercially produced anti-Rh
• This flags any Rh+ cells in the mother, from the baby, to be destroyed before the mother's immune system can produce its own anti-Rh

a system throughout the body made up of lymphatic vessels and supporting organs that drain excess interstitial fluid, transport dietary lipids, and facilitate immune responses.

• Lymphatic capillaries 
• Lymphatic vessels 
• Lymphatic nodes
• Lymphatic trunks
• Lymphatic ducts
• Primary lymphatic organs (bone marrow and thymus gland)
• secondary lymphatic organs and tissues (spleen)

carry lymphatic fluid (lymph) one way, from the tissue, back to the blood stream.

• Lymph vessels start out as these
• they are located throughout the body in the interstitial spaces 
• They have overlapping endothelium that allows interstitial fluid in, but not out
• if pressure in the interstitial space is high, fluid flows in; of it is low, the flaps close and fluid doesn't enter

lymphatic capillaries, thin, valves, one-way

• are present at intervals along the lymphatic vessels 
• They provide an opportunity for the lymphatic fluid to come into contact with the immune system
• The immune system gets a continuous flow of info about what is taking place in the body.