Protozoan

• single celled organism
• some are Flagellates

hair like structures that whip back and forth allowing them to move around

Giardia

• any animal
• small intestines

• Giardia canis
• Giardia lamblia
• Giardia cati
• Giardia bovi

• Dormant/resistant:
• cyst stage is lemon/football shaped

• Fedding/motile:
• trophozoites (troph.), teardrop shape with 4 pairs of flagella and 2 nuclei

wide spread, occurs in certain areas, old standing water

• ingestion of cyst
• contaminated food or water or feces

• small numbers:
• may be asymptomatic
• large numbers:
• watery diarrhea, may be blood tinged, acute or chronic, could be explosive

• very difficult to find, need very fresh sample
• direct smear with iodine or NMB to see trophs, and cysts
• floatation device to see cysts
• snap test available

• use 10% bleach to disinfect objects
• prevent contamination of feed and water bu fecal material

• C1 x V1 = C2 x V2
• 100% x V1 = 10% x 100mL
• V1 = 10% x 100mL/100%
• V1 = 100mL of bleach mixed with 900mL of water

• Metronidazole = Flagyl
• Fenbendazole = Panacur

• common in mammals
• causes condition termed coccidiosis
• intracellular parasites
• some require an intermediate host

• Isospora spp.
• Eimeria spp.

• with the cells of the small intestine
• wide spread (very common)

• sheep, goat, cattle, poultry
• bloody diarrhea and high mortality in feedlot animals

• fecal/oral transmission
• ingestion of sporulated oocysts containing the infective stage called sporozoites

• moisture
• oxygen
• moderate temps.

• life cycle may include sporocysts being located within mouse tissues
• cat becomes infected by consuming the infected mouse tissue

• specific immunity to natural infection may develop in individuals
• immunity short lived
• vaccines are available for production animals (limited use)

• Chronic diarrhea
• Adults:
• mostly self-limiting and no severe signs
• Young:
• watery, yellow or bloody stool, dehydration and weight loss, can be fatal

• Floatation
• oocysts or sporocysts
• Direct Smear
• may see them but can be difficult

• Sanitation (can live up to 1 year in soil)
• Oocysts are destroyed by:
• drying up or sunlight

• Sulfadimethoxine = Albon
• Metronidazole = Flagyl

• dogs, cats, humans, swine, and cattle
• small intestine

small colorless and transparent oocysts found by fecal floatation or stained fecal smears

Immunocompromised

• no labeled treatment for cattle
• drugs available for humans
• cost-prohibitive and illegal
• hope for herd immunity
• some try high doses of ionophores
• keep calves in clean area
• separate immediately after calving

toxoplasmosis

• Int: birds, humans, and other mammals
• Def: cat

oocyst in fecal float-very small and often missed

• Cat- small intestines (can go through any other part of the body)
• Other species- muscle tissue, brain, and liver
• Fetus- brain and CNS, can be fatal, cause abortion and retardation

world wide

• cat ingest sporulated oocysts
• cat ingest intermediate host
• transplacentral
• infected uncooked meat ingested by human

• People:
• flu-like symptoms and fever
• Cats:
• wt. loss, fever, anorexia, possible seizures
• Fetus (human):
• retardation, microcephally (small brain), hydrocephally (water in brain), blindness

serological testing

• killed by heat or by ammonia
• Pyrimethamin administration to dogs and cats

• associated with abortions and decreased fertility
• motile
• a venereal disease, spread from cow to cow by infected bull
• can have a white sticky discharge for several months

Trichomonas vaginalis

in red blood cells (intracellular)transmitted by arthropods (insects)

• dogs:
• B. canis
• B. gibsoni
• transmitted by tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus
• Host-specific

• anemia and splenomegaly
• wright-stain blood smears, found in feathered end of blood smear

• flagellated protozoa appearing extracellular in bllod
• most non-pathogenic, but some are a concern

caused of the African Sleeping Sickness spread by the tsetse fly

• not host-specific (more than one species may be found in one animal
• cattle, pigs, horses, dogs, humans

• wild animals
• in NA:
• raccoon, opossums, armadillos, skunks

elongated organisms haveing pointed, blunt or round posterior end

the buffy coat

• rings found in the RBC
• Transmission-ticks
• Affects-bobcats, panthers, and cougars

• east coast fever in africa
• affects RBC's
• may be found in cattle, deer, and elk