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Schwartz's Value Theory (10)
- -values are motivational b/c they "represent broad goals that apply across contexts and time.
- -Power, Achievement, Herdonism, Stimulation, Self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security
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1) Power
social status and prestige, control or dominance over ppl and resources (social power, authority, wealth)
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2) Achievement
Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards (success, capable, ambitious)
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3) Herdonism
Pleasure and sensuous gratification for oneself (pleasure, enjoying life)
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4) Stimulation
Excitement, novelty, and challenge in life
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5) Self-Direction
Independent thought and action choosing, creating, exploring (creativity, freedom, curious, set own goals)
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6) Universalism
understanding, appreciation, tolerance and protection of the welfare of all ppl and of nature (broad-minded, wisdom, equality, world at peace, world of beauty, unity)
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7) Benevolence
Preservation and enhancement of the welfare of ppl with whom one is in frequent personal contact (helpful, honest, forgiving, loyal, responsible)
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8) Tradition
Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that tradition culture or religion provides the self (humble, accepting my portion of life, devout)
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9) Conformity
Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms (politeness, obedient, self discipline, honoring parents and elders)
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10) Security
Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self. (family security, national security, social order, clean, reciprocation of favors)
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Attitude
Learned predisposition toward a given object
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3 Factors for Middle Age Attitude Stability
- 1) greater personal certainty
- 2) perceived abundance of knowledge
- 3) need for strong attitudes
- *notion that general attitudes become less likely to change as person ages was rejected*
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Affective Component
The feelings or emotions one has about an object or situation
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Cognitive Component
The beliefs or ideas one has about an object or situation
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Behavioral Component
How one intends to act or behave toward someone or something
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Cognitive Dissonance
Psychological discomfort experienced when attitudes and behavior are inconsistent
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Methods to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance (3)
- 1) Change your attitude or behavior or both (simplest solution)
- 2) Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior
- 3) Find consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones
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Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior
- developed and refined a model focusing on intentions as the key link between attitudes and planned behavior
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Ajzen's Determinants of Intention (3)
- 1) Attitude toward the behavior: favorable/unfavorable evaluation of behavior in question.
- 2)Subjective Norm: refers to perceived social pressure to/not to perform behavior.
- 3)Perceived behavioral control: perceived ease/difficulty of performing behavior.
- *diagram shows all lead to intention then behavior*
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Organizational Commitment (diagram on 164)
extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and its goals
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Psychological Contract
An individual's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange with another party.
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Increasing Employee Commitment (3)
- 1)hiring ppl whose values are consistent w/ orgs.
- 2)offering employees variety of benefits
- 3)ensuring mgmt. does not breach psychological contracts to increase level of trust
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Employee Engagement
Extent to which employees give it their all at work
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Job Satisfaction
An affective or emotional response to one's job
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Met Expectations
Extent to which one receives what he or she expects from a job
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Value Attainment
Extent to which a job allows fulfillment of one's work values
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Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCB's)
- Employee behaviors that exceed work-role requirements
- -read section pg. 171
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Withdrawal Cognitions
Overall thoughts and feelings about quitting a job
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Counterproductive Work Behaviors (CWBs)
Types of behavior that harm employees and the organization as a whole
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