digestive system

• ingestion
• grinding/mastication
• digestion
• absorption
• elimination

• mouth
• pharynx
• esophagus
• stomach
• small intestine
• large intestine
• accessory glands
•   a)salivary glands
•   b)liver
•   c)pancreas

mucosa > sub-mucosa > muscle layer > serosa

• grinding
• prehensile mechanism
• defensive/offensive weapon

(consists of teeth, tongue, lips, cheeks, muscle)

deciduous teeth

permanent teeth

• eye teeth
• bridle teeth
• tusk
• tushes

long crown

• filiform (hairlike)
• *fungiform (toadstool)
• *foliate (leaves)
• *vallate or circumvallate (large, circular projections surrounded by a deep groove)

forms roof of the mouth

condition in horses causing inflammation of the mucosa of hard palate (abscess) 

lies directly behind hard palate. separates the mouth from pharynx

(elongated soft palate causes snoring)

• fight infection
• are simply lymphoid tissue

man&dog

(dogs lack membrane covering tonsils-prone to tonsillitis)

located at base of tongue

(horse, cow, pig)

enlargement of these: adenoids

• closest to cardia
• produce mucus to provide moisture

• pylorus region
• produce mucus and gastrin

hormone that stimulates release of HCL and formulation of pepsin, aids in release of pancreatic enzymes and gall bladder contraction

• located through out remainder of stomach
• contain parietal cells and chief cells

produce HCL

produce pepsinogen and rennin. pepsinogen split by HCL to form pepsin 

main component of digestive gastric juices

• rumen
• reticulum
• omasum

abomasum

(where digestion actually begins)

• "honeycomb"
• most cranial

Traumatic Reticular Pericarditis

• largest portion
• fermenting vat 
• cudding&bloat

Rumenal Tympany

• "book" stomach
• grinds roughage before it enters abomasum

small intestine

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum 

• largest
• ducts from pancreas and liver enter here to excrete enzymes to aid in digestion

• digestive upset
• most times in large intestine

• (from change in feed, enterolith..)
• treatment: pass gastric tube, mineral oil, or surgery

• cecum
• right ventral colon
• sternal fixture
• left ventral colon
• pelvic flexure
• left dorsal colon
• diaphragmatic flexure
• right dorsal colon
• transverse colon
• small colon
• rectum
• anus

• located between vili.
• secrete mucus, in small intestine secrete the enzyme Enterokinsae, which activates pancreatic secretion of trysinogen and small amount of the enzyme amylase which assists in starch breakdown

• located in duodenum
• secrete mucus for moisture

lymph nodules located in ileum

nerve supply for intestinal tract

• parotid
• mandibular
• submandibular 

80-120

60

• lobulated organ located between the liver, kidneys, and stomach
• both endocrine&exocrine
• endocrine portion more extensive-islets of langerhans

hormones

enzymes

contains alpha, beta, and delta cells

secrete glucagons which elevate blood sugar

insulin affects metabolism of carbs, proteins, fats

• somatostatin
• inhibit secretion of glucagons and insulin and may control metabolic processes

breakdown starches

breakdown fats

breakdown proteins

*giant filtration device

waste out, storage for blood and fat, filters food and meds

• deciduous: 3-4 wks
• permanent: 4-6 months

• deciduous: 8 days, 8 wks, 8 months
• permanent: 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 yrs

• deciduous: 8 days
• permanent: 18 months-4 yrs

• do not have upper incisors, have flat dental pad
• flat teeth that continually grow

(horse, cow)

sharp points for shearing/ tearing

(cats)

not as sharp/pointy and substantial 

(dog)

• dogs&cats-smell
• horse-texture
• birds-color

lack membrane covering tonsils 

pepsin (sight&smell can produce, not just food into stomach)

upset stomach

• only breaks down milk
• usually short production in animals bc they stop drinking milk

eat, swallow, regurgitate, repeat process

• a lot of gas production in rumen bc a lot of bacteria
• paralumbar fossa distends out
• cow becomes progressively more uncomfortable..pressure will start to push on diaphragm
• signs-rub against tree, barn, etc

• need to decompress (get gas out)
• nasogastric tube: nose --> esophagus

Trypsinogen Digestion Test

2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3) 42

2(I 0/3 C 0/0 P3/3 M 3/3) 30

2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P3-4/3 M 3/3) 40 or 42

2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) 30