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accuracy
how close to a true value a given measurement is.
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alkali metals
group 1a: lithium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs). Often soft silvery metals, react rapidly w/ water to form products that are basic [alkaline].
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alkaline earth metals
group 2a: berillium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), radium (Ra). These are lustrous silvery metals but are less reactive than group 1a.
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chemical properties
characteristics that involve a change in chemical makeup
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chemistry
study of composition, properties, and transformations of matter
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conversion factor
a relationship between two units
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cubic centimeters
1 cubic centimeter (cc) = .001 dm cubed = 10^-6 m cubed= 1 mL
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cubic decimeter
1 dm^3 is = to 1 L
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density
the mass of an object divided by its volume. density=mass (g)/ volume (mL or cm) cubed
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dimensional analysis
a quantity described in one unit is converted into an equivelant quality w/ a differnt unit by using a conversion factor to express the relationship between the units.
ex. 1m/39.37inches=39.37 inches/1m=1
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element
the fundamental substance that cannot be chemicaly changed or broken down into anything simpler
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extensive properties
- values that depend on the sample size
- ex. an ice cube is muchsmaller than an iceburg
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group
vertical colums in periodic table
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hallogen
group 7a: florine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I)- these are colorful corrosive nonmetals. they are found in nature only, combined w/ otehr elements. group name is derived from the greek word (hals) meaning salt.
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innertransition metal group
the 14 groups shown separetely at the bottom the table.
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intensive properties
have values that do not depend on amount of sample. ex. temperature and melting point.
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Kelvin
(K) 273 degrees K= 0 degrees C =32 degrees F.
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main group (periodic table)
the 2 larger groups on left and 6 larger groups on right
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mass
the amount of matter in an object
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matter
a catchall term used to describe anything w/ a physical presence; anything you can touch, taste or smell
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metal
largest category of elements, found on left side of periodic table, bounded on the right by a zigzag line running from Boron (B) to Astatine (At). metals are characterized by their apperance, have silvery shine, malleable rather than brittle, can be twisted and drawen into wire, and are good conductors of heat and electricity.
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noble gas
group 8a: Helium (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr), Xenon (Xe), Radon (Rn). they are colorless gasses w/ low chemical activity * Helium and Neon won't combine w/ other elements. * Ar, Kr, and Xe combine w/ very few elements
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non-metal
found on right side of periodic table, except for Hydrogen. 11 of 17 are gases. 1 is a liquid (bromine). 5 are solids at room temp (Carbon, Phosphorus, sulfur, Selenium, and Iodine). Not silvery, several are brigtly colored, they are brittle (not maleable), and they are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
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period
seven horizontal rows
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periodic table
the grid of elements divided into seven horizontal rows (called periods) and 18 colums (called groups).
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physical property
characteristics that do not involve a change in a sample's chemical makeup. ex. color, size
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precision
how well a # of independent measurements agree w/ one another.
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property
any characteristic that can be used to decribe or identify matter
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semi-metals
properties are intermediate between those of their metalllic andnon-metallic neighbors. Most are silvery in appearance and all are solid at room temp. They are brittle and poor conductors of heat and electricity
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SI unit
french systeme internationale d'unites (metric system) [7 fundamental units.]
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7 fundamental SI units
- mass kilogram kg
- length meter m
- temperature (T) Kelvin K
- amount of substance Mole mol (n)
- time (t) second s
- electircal current Ampere (Amp)
- luminous intensity candela (cd)
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significant figure
total # of didgits recorded for measurement. 4 rules.
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4 Sig Fig rules
- 1) all non-zero #s are significant
- 2) embedded zeros are significant
- 3) (leading) zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant
- 4) terminal are significant if an explicit decimal point is written. [ ex. 100. = 3 sig fis.]
- ARE Not significant if there is no decimal point. ex. 100 = 1 sig fig.
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theory
consistent explanations of a particular hypothesis
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transition metal group
- the ten smaller groups in the middle of the table [groups 3b-2b]. colums 3-12.
- 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b, 7b, 8b, 8b, 8b, 1b,2b.
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measuring and significant figures
- 1) report to the # of places the device allows
- 2) estimate and report one additional place to the right
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1inch is = to______cm
1 foot is = to _____ in
1 yard=______ft
1mile= ______ft
1 mile =_____yards
1 in= 2.54 cm
1 foot = 12 in
1 yard = 3ft
1 mile= 5,280ft
1 mile = 1,760 yards
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1 lb= _____g
1lb= _____oz
1 ton=____lbs
- 1lb= 454.55g
- 1 lb= 16-oz
- 1 ton= 2,000 lbs
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formula for converting C to F
degrees C = (degrees F -32) X 5/9ths
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1 liter = __quarts
1 liter = 1.057 qts.
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volume formulas (2)
- 1) volume= length X width X heigth and (length X width = area). Cubes and redtangles.
- 2) volume = (area X heigth) and volume = (pi R^2) X heigth. Cylinders. [cm^3=1 mL=1 cc).
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volume
volume= mass/density
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standard
a point of comparison. water is the standard
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qualifications for a standard
- 1) MUST BE PLENTIFUL
- 2) must be easily accessible
- 3) identical properties over a wide range of temp.
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density is temp. dependent
decreas temp. = increase in density and solid will sink in liquid
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calculations and reporting sig figs. 2 rules (adding and subtracting rule) (multiplicaiton and divison rule)
- 1) report answer to match# of sig. figs. to the multiplicand w/ the fewest sig. figs. (multiplication and division)
- 2) report final answer to match the # of sig. figs in the add-in w/ fewest places to right.
- * answer should always reflect the least certain #
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