-
Do isotopes have the same chemical properties as one another?
Yes, they have the same number of electrons and bond the same exact way.
-
What is the atomic number? What is the mass number? What gives you the
number of neutrons?
-
Atomic number = protons; Mass number = protons and neutrons; Mass
number = atomic number- number of neutrons
-
What are the stages in the scientific method?
- make observations 2. define the problem 3. make hypothesis 4. perform
- experiment 5. form theories
-
What is a polar covalent bond?
When atoms share a pair or pairs of electrons unequally to make an atom
-
What is a hydrogen bond?
- A weak bond between the oppositely charged ends of a polar covalent
- molecule
-
What is the molecular formula for glucose and fructose?
C6 H12 06; they�re isomers.
-
What organisms can digest cellulose?
Bacteria and fungi
-
What glucose polymer does your liver synthesize in order to control
- your blood glucose levels?
- Glycogen (process=homeostatis)
-
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
- Saturated fats hold as many Hydrogens as possible. Unsaturated have
- one or more double bonds.
-
What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids bonded together
-
What makes one polypeptide different from another polypeptide?
Number of amino acids and its sequence
-
What are the products in the decomposition reaction of hydrogen
- peroxide?
- Water and oxygen gas
-
Describe exothermic reactions.
- They release energy to the environment. They tend to be spontaneous.
- There is less energy in the bonds of the products than in the reactants.
-
Describe endothermic reactions.
- They absorb energy from the environment. They tend to be non-
- spontaneous. There is more energy in the bonds of the products than in
- the reactants.
-
Many chemical reactions that result in the production of an end
- product are called what?
- Biochemical pathway
-
What type of transport requires the cell to expend energy? What type
- does not require it to do so?
- Active transport; passive transport
-
What type of transport includes osmosis and dialysis?
Passive transport
-
What does hypotonic mean?
Solution whose solute concentration is less than the cell (bursts)
-
What does hypertonic mean?
- Solution whose solute concentration is greater than the cell (shrivels
- up)
-
What is plasmolysis and what causes it?
When a cell shrinks due to a loss of water through osmosis
-
What is active transport?
- Channels (pumps) move molecules from low to high concentration
- (against gradient) must expend energy
-
Why is carbon the element upon which all organic compounds and
- therefore, life is based?
- Because carbon can form 4 covalent bonds in 3 spatial dimensions
-
What is the name given to the diffusion (with the gradient) of
- molecules through specific protein channels?
- Facilitated diffusion
-
What is the general name given to the process in which a cell engulfs
- solid particles or droplets of dissolved solutes and brings them
- inside the cell?
- Endocytosis
-
What is the specific name for the process of a cell engulfing solid
-
What is the specific name for the process of a cell engulfing droplets
- of dissolved solutes?
- Pinocytosis
-
Where does aerobic cellular respiration take place?
Mitochondria
-
What is found in animal cells but not in plant cells?
Centrioles (and lysosomes)
-
What is a microscopic network of membranous tubules that run
- throughout the cytoplasm and are in contact with both the plasma
- membrane and the nuclear membrane?
- Endoplasmic reticulum (ribosomes attached=rough, no ribosomes=smooth)
-
Why is there a large amount of membranous organelles in the
endoplasmic reticulum? It allows for more surface area for reactions to take place and it divides the cell into compartments
-
Where are amino acids sequenced (protein synthesis)?
Ribosomes
-
What organelle repackages cell products and transports them to the
- plasma membrane in vesicles, to be eventually secreted out of the cell
- by exocytosis?
- Golgi complex
-
Which is thought to be an accumulation of ribosomal RNA?
The nucleolus
-
Where is chromatin found?
The nucleus
-
What composes chromatin and what is contained inside of it?
Composed of proteins called histones; contains DNA
-
What are the contents of the nucleus collectively called?
The nucleoplasm
-
What organelle is a membrane vesicle that contains digestive enzymes and may rupture when a cell dies, releasing these enzymes?
Lysosome
-
What organelle stores oils, pigments and other materials?
Plastids
-
Where is the site of fat and carb synthesis inside of the cell?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
-
What does the plasma membrane not composed of?
Microscopic openings to the outside called pores
-
What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic do not have any membranous organelles
-
What is a network of protein fibers that run throughout the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells and provide support and added strength to the cell?
Cytoskeleton
-
What method does bacteria use to reproduce?
Binary fission
-
Where does photosynthesis take place in eukaryotes?
Chloroplasts
-
What structure is composed of nine bundles of three microtubules?
Centrioles
-
Is the proto-eukaryotic host cell aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
-
Why evidence supports the theory that chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria-like organisms?
Binary fission; two membranes, bacteria-like ribosomes, bacteria-like DNA
-
What does the endosymbiont cell do?
It uses 02 to break down pyruvic acids to make ATPS (aerobic respiration)
-
What is the relationship between the endosymbiont and the host?
Mutualism
-
How many net ATP�s does the cell make in the anaerobic respiration of glucose?
2
-
What is the total number of ATP�s produced from the processing of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration?
36
-
Where does the glycolysis reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur?
Cytoplasm
-
What is a pathway part of both types of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
-
What is the final energy storage in the Krebs cycle?
ATP
-
What are two intermediate energy storages in the Krebs cycle?
FADH2 and NADH
-
What are two waste products of the Krebs cycle?
Water and carbon dioxide
-
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of oxidative cellular respiration?
Oxygen
-
In yeast anaerobic respiration, what is the name of the process following glycolysis?
Alcoholic fermentation
-
In animal cell anaerobic respiration, what is the name of the process following glycolysis?
Lactic acid fermentation
-
What are the waste products of yeast anaerobic respiration?
Ethanol and carbon dioxide
-
Why is anaerobic respiration not very efficient?
Most of the energy is put into the waste product
-
What is the purpose of the dark phase reactions in photosynthesis?
To synthesize PGAL from ATP�s NADPH�s and CO2.
-
In the light phase of photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and transferred to what two energy storage molecules?
NADPH�s and ATPs
-
What phase is Carbon Dioxide fixed into (photosynthesis)?
Dark phase (calvin cycle)
-
When is ADP turned into ATP in photosynthesis?
Light phase
-
If a plant is exposed to radioactive carbon, where on the plant or product can you find radioactive material?
PGALs will be radioactive, and everything will be radioactive.
-
What are a stack of thylakoids called?
Granum
-
What does chlorophyll a best absorb?
Violet and red
-
What does an accessory (antenna) pigment do?
Absorb other wavelengths, the rest of ROYGBIV
-
Which nitrogen bases are purines?
Adenine and guanine
-
Which nitogren bases are pyrimidines?
Thymine, cytosine, and uracil
-
What is transcription?
Converting DNA to mRNA
-
What is translation?
Converting mRNA to amino acid sequence
-
What is a mutation?
A mistake in the DNA nucleotide sequence
-
What is a codon?
mRNA triplet code
-
What is an anti-codon?
TRNA complementary triplet code
-
How does mature mRNA differ from primary mRNA transcript?
Mature mRNA is edited (contains no introns)
-
How is transcription different from that in eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes cannot edit
-
What is the function of tRNA?
Carries a particular amino acid to a particular mRNA codon
-
In the translation process, what amino acid do all poplypeptide chains start with?
Methianine
-
In a eukaryotic cell, where does the transfer of information from DNA to mRNA occur?
-
Where does translation occur?
In the cytoplasm, on a ribosome
-
What is a point mutation?
A substitution
-
What are the types of mutations?
Insertion, substitution, deletion
-
What are the steps n the Lytic Cycle?
virus inserts its DNA into bacterium 2. DNA of virus and bacterium are spliced together 3) makes viruses 4) bacteria lyses, viruses spew
-
How is sickle cell hemoglobin different from normal hemoglobin?
ONE mutation out of 500 amino acids is different
-
In order for a mutation to affect ones offspring, where must the mutation occur?
In the DNA of the gametes during meiosis
-
Can there be more than one DNA triplet code for a particular amino acid?
Yes, there are synonyms.
-
What is reverse transcription?
Converting RNA to DNA (retrovirus, HIV)
-
What is cDNA?
Complementary DNA made off of the RNA template
-
In which period of the cell�s life cycle does the chromatin replicate?
Interphase [s period]
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle does the nuclear membrane disintegrate?
Prophase [mitosis]
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle does the nucleoli disappear?
Prophase
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle does the spindle first appear?
Prophase
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle do the replicated chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell?
Metaphase
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle does a cell plate form between two replicated nuclei?
Mitosis [telophase]
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle do the centrioles reappear?
Telophase
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle does the chromatids separate and the resultant individual chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle do the nucleoli reappear?
telophase
-
In what stage of the cell�s life cycle are chromosomes not visible under a light microscope?
Interphase
-
In what stage of the meosis do the replicated homologous chromosome partners line up, side by side, at the equator of the cell?
Metaphase I
-
In what stage of meiosis do the DS chromosomes split at their centromeres and the single stranded chromosomes move to opposite sides?
Anaphase II
-
In which division of meiosis, does independent assortment occur?
The 1st division
-
What is synapsis?
DD partners connect in Prophase I
-
What is the name for the cell division process in which cells having the diploid chromosome number form cells having the haploid chromosome number?
Meiosis
-
What is the name for the cell division process that is responsible for growth and repair in organisms?
-
Which sex gamete formation has two unequal cell divisions?
Female
-
In what gamete is their the formation of a polar body?
Female
-
What is crossing over?
Chromosomes exchange segments during synapsis
-
What are tetrads?
homologous DS partners
-
What are the 3 sources of genetic variation in meiosis?
1) mutation 2) crossover 3) independent assortment
-
Where on the chromosomes must a cross-over occur that separates linked genes enabling them to form new gene combinations?
Between the linked genes
-
What is the relationship between the crossing-over frequency and the distance apart two linked genes are located on the chromosome?
Closer together, lower frequency
-
What is the number of chromsome combinations possible in any human zygote?
2^46
-
Do chromosomes always assort independently in meiosis?
Yes
-
Do genes always assort independent in meiosis?
No, only if on separate chromosomes, not on linked genes
-
What is the parent cell chromosome number in mitosis? The daughter cell?
46 chromosomes, 46 chromosomes. Mitosis makes an exact copy.
-
What is the structure formed during cytokinesis in plant cells?
Cell plate to form the cell wall later
-
What are the steps of mitosis in order?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
-
When does the replication of DNA occur during the cell cycle?
S Period of Interphase
-
In what stage do the chromosomes line up in the middle?
Metaphase
-
In what stage do the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear?
Prophase
-
In what stage do the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear?
Telophase
-
In what stage do the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell?
Anaphase
-
What is diploid and haploid?
Diplod=homologous partners; Haploid=not homologous partners
-
In which part of meiosis does the chromosome number reduce?
1st division; 46 chromosomes-->46 DS chromosomes-->23 pairs-->23 DS chromosomes
-
What causes genetic variation in organisms that reproduce asexually?
Mutation
-
What is the difference between a body (somatic) cell and a gamete?
Body= diploid cell; Gamete= haploid cell
-
What is a nondisjunction?
Chromosomes fail to separate in 1st division of meiosis; leaving 2 or 0 chromosomes when it needs only 1.
-
When does cytokinesis in animals begin?
Anaphase
-
Define a phenotype and give an example.
A physical expression of a trait. Allele combos determine it.
-
Define genotype and give an example.
A genetic expression of a trait
-
How is probability figured for a single event? For multiple events?
Independent chance events don�t affect each other. Independent event x Independent event x Independent event x.. =total probability
-
What is a dominant trait?
Allele that will always be expressed if present.
-
What is a recessive trait?
Allele that will only be expressed if dominant is absent.
-
How are results expressed if a trait is codominant?
Equally (roan)
-
How are results expressed if the trait is governed by incomplete dominance?
Outcome is a blend of 2 expressions (pink)
-
What is an X-linked trait?
Any gene on the X chromosome
-
How is a sex linked trait inherited? Who is most likely to be affected and why?
On the X chromosome/ Boys only have 1 X chromosome
-
How are sex chromosomes inherited for males?
X from mom; Y from dad (who determines the sex of the child)
-
How are sex chromosomes inherited for females?
X from mom; X from dad
-
What is polygenic inheritance?
Many pairs of alleles are responsible for the expression of a trait
-
What is the cause of Down�s syndrome?
Nondisjunction on chromosome 21
-
What type of genetic disorder is cystic fibrosis?
Autosomal recessive
-
What are some traits of DNA?
Double stranded, antiparallel, complementary, double helix
-
What composes a nucleotide?
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
-
What makes up the DNA code?
A sequence of triplet codes
-
What does DNA code for?
Amino acid sequences
-
Why does rapid evolution occur after mass extinctions?
Unoccupied niches are filled quickly after cataclysmic events
-
What is an adaptation?
An inherited trait that gives the organism a survival advantage
-
What is another word for parallel adaptation?
Convergent evolution
-
What is adaptive radiation?
Many different divergences from one common ancestor
-
What is punctuated equilibrium?
Long periods of equilibrium followed by evidence of relatively rapid change
-
What does Industrial Melanism refer to?
Moths in London, natural selection
-
What is taxonomy?
The science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
-
What is a biological species?
A group of organisms that interbreed with one another and produce fertile offspring
-
List the hierarchies of classification in order.
Domain-->kingdom-->phylum-->class-->order-->family-->genus-->species
-
What are the parts composing the scientific name?
1st part is the genus. 2nd part is the phylum.
-
Which kingdoms are made of prokaryotes?
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
-
What are hybrid animals?
Individuals of different species interbreed and produce offspring?
-
Define a food chain.
A path of energy through trophic levels of an ecosystem
-
What is an ecological niche?
The way in which an organism makes a living in its particular habit
-
What level of consumer is an herbivore?
2nd order consumer
-
Define succession.
A somewhat regular progression of species replacement
-
Where does transcription take place?
In the nucleus
-
What is the function of mRNA?
Carries instructions for making proteins and delivers it to translation
-
What is the function of tRNA?
Carries a particular amino acid to a particular ribosome
-
What is an exon? Intron?
Introns are removed. Exons remain after editing.
-
What was Oparin and Haldane�s hypothesis about the formation of organic molecules?
Available energy sources would have caused the gases of the earth�s early atmosphere to react with each other to form complex organic molecules from which 1st life could have formed
-
What scientists conducted an experiment to test Oparin and Haldane�s hypothesis?
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey
-
What provided the first oxygen to the early earth�s atmosphere?
Photosynthesis by cyanobacteria
-
What was made possible by the ozone layer?
Made earth�s land a safe place to live
-
What does the theory of endosymbiosis refer to?
Evolution of the eukaryotic cell
-
What is a protocell?
A bubble (microsphere) that has organic compounds in it
-
What is speciation?
The result of divergent evolution
-
What are some scientific reasons that support evolution?
Structural/molecular homologies=common ancestry
-
What is recycled in ecosystems? What is not?
Nitrogen, water, and Carbon are recycled. Energy is not.
-
What is lichen?
Fungus and algae living in a mutualistic relationship
-
What are trophic levels?
Levels of consumers
-
What is biodegradable material?
material that can be broken down
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