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 What are the blue and green colors describing on diagram?
bases
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What are the yellow things on the ladder?
phsophate groups on every rung
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In DNA, what type of sugars will be present?
deoxyribose
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In RNA, what type of sugar will be present?
ribose
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What determines the primary structure of a DNA molecule?
the sequence of deoxyribonucleotides
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What joins two nucleotides together?
a phosphodiester bond
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What is an Ester bond?
a bond that consists of an ionrganic or organix acid in which at least one OH group is replaced by an O alkyl group
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On the bottom of pic, an O group replaces an OH
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(left side)(2)
-an ester bond will connect 3rd prime carbon to phosphate.
-5th prime carbon will connect to phosphate through ester linkage
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What is a phosphodiester?
- -the phosphate is binding two nucleotides in 2 seperate spots by the 3rd and 5th carbon
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***study it
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(CLUES TO STRUCTURE) What did chemists know before about DNA? (2)
-DNA had nucleotides
-Nucleotides were linked by phosphodiester bonds
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What were 3 findings of chargaffs experiments?
-total # of purines and pyrimidines are equal
-number of A's equaled the number of T's
-number of C's equaled the number of G's
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Who did the studies "xray crystallography?
wilkins and franklin
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Which is bigger purines or pyrimidines?
purines
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What were the dimensions during xray crystallography? (3)
.34 nm, 2.0 nm, 3.4 nm
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What experiment was used to find out aout DNA struture?
xray crystallography
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(2)
-pyrimidines and purines are bonded by hydrogen bonds
-known as Complimentary pairing
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what was the space between bases?
.34 nm
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what was the width of helix?
2.0 nm
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What is the length of one complete twist of the helix?
3.4 nm
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what changed happen?
-there is a T where an A is supposed to be, and then the other side of pairing theres an A where a T is supposed to be
-the yellow line between bases is hydrogen bonds
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What do genes hold?
information for proteins
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DO all genes code for proteins?
no, jsut most
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In central dogma, how is DNA viewed?
information storage
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In central dogma, how is RNA viewed?
information carrier
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In central dogma, how are proteins viewed?
active cell machinery
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What is a gene?
particular stretch of DNA that contains the information to specify the amino acid sequence of a protein
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Is the information encoded in the base sequence of DNA directly translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins?
no, it does not directly translated into amino acid sequence of proteins
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How much percent does the human genome code for proteins?
3%
***most of RNA does not code for proteins
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DNA sequences define...
- the genotype
- *sequences of nucleotides
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Proteins defines the...
phenotype
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What are 3 nucleotides that code for a single amino acid called?
codon
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(DNA to mRNA) do they still have complimentary pairing?
yes, pyrmidines to purines
* A connect to U in RNA instead of A to T
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(mrna to proteins) what happens on diagram?
ultimately the mRNA will code for amino acids
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If there is a change in genotype, does that always mean the phenotype will change also?
sometimes
*silent mutation: will ultimately lead to the same amino acid production even though the genotype changed
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