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Drug Interactions
Synergism
-the action of two drugs working together in which one helps the other simultaneously for an effect that neither could produce alone
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Drug Interactions
Potentiation
- the action of two drugs in which one prolongs or multiplies the effect of the other
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Drug Interactions
Antagonism
-the opposing actions of two drugs in which one decreases or cancels the effect
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Drug Effect
Systemic Effect
-reaches widespread areas of the body
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Drug Effect
Local Effect
-it is limited to an area of the body where it is administered
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Drug Responsiveness
Idiosyncratic Effect
-an effect that is the opposite of, or unusual, compared with the predicted effect
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Drug Responsiveness
Tolerance
-decrease response to a drug that develops after repeated doses are given. Dose must be increased or replaced.
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Drug Responsiveness
Dependence
-acquired need for a drug that may produce psychological and/or physical symptoms of withdrawal when DC (discharged)
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Drug Responsiveness
Teratogenic Effect
-effect from maternal drug administration that causes the development of physical defect in the fetus
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Drug Responsiveness
Hypersensitivity
Immune response (allergy) to a drug
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Drug Responsiveness
Anaphylactic Reaction
-severe, possibly fatal, allergic response
Sign - itching, urticaria, vascular collapse, shock, cyanosis, laryngeal edema and dyspnea
Tx : CPR, epinephrine, cortcosteroids, antihistamine
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Dosage
-amount of drug given for a particular therapeutic effect
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Minimum Dose
- smallest amount of a drug that will produce a therapeutic effect
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Maximum Dose
- largest amount of a drug that will produce a desired effect without producing symptoms of toxicity
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Loading Dose
- initial high dose (often maximum dose) used to quickly elevate the level of drug in the blood, followed by lower maintenance doses
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Maintenance Dose
- dose required to keep the drug's blood level at a steady state in order to maintain the desired effect
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Lethal Dose
- dose that causes death
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Therapeutic Dose
- dose that is costumorily given: adjusted accourding to variations from the normal
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Routes of Administration
They are selected according to :
1) Rate of onset of drug activity desired
2) Physiochemical factors that affect drug absorption
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Routes of Administration
Enteral (GI Tract)
*Oral
*Nasogastric Tube
*Rectal
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Routes of Administration
Parenteral Rountes (doesn't touch GI tract)
Injectable
- *Sublingual
- *Injection routes (IM, SC, ID, IV)
- *Topical (dernal, mucosal)
- *Inhalation
- *Buccal (pill placed between the cheek & gum)
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Pharmacokinetic Phase
Pharmacokinetics
: means the movement of the drug throughout our body.
* Study of what happens to the drug from the time it is put into the body until t has left the body
* It includes : absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of the drug
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