Accumulated snow that has survived one melt season
The three mechanism that allows glaciers to flow
Slope of bedrock surface, internal deformation, and basal meltwater
Ablation
The depletion of ice from the glacier
Mass balance
The difference between accumulation levels and ablation
Orbital eccentricity, tilt variations in the axis of rotation, and precession (earth's axis of rotation wobbles)
Three parameters of the earth's rotation that causes glacial fluctuations
Cirque glacier/alpine glaciers
The smallest and forms in a small bowl shaped depression in the mountains
Valley glaciers
Flows through valleys in the mountains
Piedmont glaciers
When valley glaciers flow out onto an adjacent plain
Ice fields
Hundreds of square miles of glaciation
Outlet glaciers
Glaciers that occupy valleys that extend below the coverage of ice field
Tidewater glaciers
When glaciers end up reaching the sea and terminate at the shoreline
Subglacial lakes
Bodies of freshwater that are contained deep within the layers of ice sheets
Head
Top end of a glacier
Terminus
Downhill end
Terminal moraine
A large mass of debris that marks the glaciers furthest advance
Zone of abiation
Where snow melts in the summer
Zone of accumulation
Where snow lasts all year
Snow line
Separates the zone of abiation from the zone of accumulation
Moraine
Any ridge or mound of glacial debris that is deposited in glaciated regions
Recessional moraines
Ridges that are behind the terminal moraine
Lateral moraines
Material that has been pushed off to the side of glaciers
Medial moraines
Form when two glaciers converge
Ground moraine
The layer of till and other sediments underneath a glacier
Supraglacial moraine
Accumulations of debris on top of glacial ice
Entrainment
Picking up of loose material by the glacier from along the bed and valley sides
Basal ice freezing
Thought to be made by glaciohydraulic supercooling (a process that allows water at the base of a glacier to remain liquid at a temperature below its freezing point in response to the geometry of water flow and subglacial pressure)
Plucking
Involves the glacier freezing onto the valley sides and subsequent ice movement pulling away masses of rock
Supraglacial debris
Carried on the surface of the glacial as lateral and medial morraines
Summer ablation
Surface melt water carries a small load and this often disappears down crevasses