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What is Energy?
- the capacity to do work
- has no mass and takes up no space
- can liberate heat in the body
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What is kinetic energy?
- Energy in action
- constant movement in the tiniest part of matter (atoms)
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what is potential energy?
- stored energy
- inactive energy that has the potential to do work but is not presently doing so
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What is it called when chemical energy is converted into mechanical energy?
Energy conversion
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What are the forms of energy?
- Mechanical
- radiant
- electrical
- chemical
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What type of energy travels in waves;light and heat? Collectively called Electromagnetic Engergy
Radiant energy
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What type of energy is the movement of charged particles?
*generated when ions move along or across a cell membrane
electrical energy
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what type of energy is directly involved with moving matter?
mechanical energy
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What type of energy is stored in chemical bonds, holds molecules and atoms together and is converted into mechanical energy?
Chemical energy
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What is adenosine triphosphate? ATP
- stored energy in cells
- when bonds are broken, energy is released to do cellular work
- most useful form of energy in a living system
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What is Matter?
- anything that occupies space
- remains constant regardless of gravity
- all matter is composed of elements
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what are the 3 states of matter?
- solid-definite shape and volume
- gas-no definite shape or volume
- liquid-definite volume but conforms to container
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what is an element?
unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary means
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What 4 elements make up 96% of the body
- O=Oxygen 65%
- C=Carbon 18.5%
- H=Hydrogen 9.5%
- N=Nitrogen 3.2%
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What element is a major component of both organic and inorganic molecules and is needed for production of cellular energy (ATP)
Oxygen
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What element is a primary component of all organic molecules?
Carbon
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What are the organic molecules?
- carbohydrates
- lipids (fats)
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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What element is a component of all organic molecules and as an ion (proton) it influences the pH of body fluids?
Hydrogen
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what element is a component of proteins and nucleic acids (genetic material)
nitrogen
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What is the lesser elements found in the body? 3.9%
- calcium
- phosphorus
- potassium
- sulfur
- sodium
- chlorine
- magnesium
- iodine
- iron
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What is a molecule?
- 2 or more of the same elements sharing electrons
- smallest particle of a compound that still retains its properties
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What is a compound?
- 2 or more different kinds of atoms (elements) bond
- chemically pure-all identical molecules
- homogeneous
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What is a mixture?
- 2 or more components physically mixed
- Not chemically pure
- heterogeneous/homogeneous
- no chemical bonding occurs between the components of a mixture
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What are the 3 types of mixtures?
- solutions
- colloids
- suspensions
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What is an atom?
- Chemical bonds that form molecules
- the building blocks that elements are composed of
- made of subatomic particles:
- protons
- electrons
- neutrons
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What is the nucleus?
- Part of an atom containing protons and neutrons tightly bond together
- surrounded by orbiting electrons
- positively charged over all
- 99% mass of the atom
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Define Electrons
- orbits the nucleus
- negative charge
- 0amu (atomic mass unit)
- determines chemical behavior of atoms
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Define Proton
- Positive electrical charge
- makes up part of nucleus
- 1amu (atomic mass unit)
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Define neutron
- neutral charge
- makes up part of the nucleus
- 1amu (atomic mass unit)
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Define an Isotope
- Structural variations of elements
- same number of protons, different number of neutrons
- differ in their atomic weights
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What type of mixture is a homogeneous mixture of components (gases, liquids, or solids) has 2 parts, and is described by concentration?
Solutions
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What are the 2 parts to solutions?
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What expressions are used for solutions?
- Moles (molarity)
- Percent (parts Per 100 Parts)
- Milligrams per deciliter mg/dl)
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Define Solvent
- substance present in the greatest amount
- usually liquids
- water is the body's chief solvent
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Define Solute
- substances present in smaller amounts
- usually in the form of individual atoms and molecules
- do not settle out and do not scatter light
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Define Colloids/Emulsions
- heterogeneous
- do not settle out/do scatter light
- sol-gel transformation ability
- Cytosol (semifluid material in living cells) is a colloid
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Define Suspensions
- heterogeneous
- settles out if not continually mixed
- may scatter light
- Examples: sand&water, blood
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What are the 3 types of chemical bonds
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a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another
Ionic bond
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an atom that gains one or more electrons is the electron acceptor and acquires a negative charge, and is called?
anion
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an atom that loses electrons is the electron donor and acquires a positive charge and is called?
cation
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+ or - charged particle due to the loss or gain of an electron is know as what?
ion
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Charged particles in a solution that can conduct electricity is know as what?
- electrolytes
- driving force to physiology and life
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what type of chemical bond shares pairs of electrons?
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a bond in which electrons are shared unequally (diploe) is know as what?
Polar Covalent
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a bond in which electrons are shared equally is known as what?
nonpolar covalent
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A+B-->AB
always involves bond formation
anabolic
synthesis
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AB-->A+B
reverse synthesis reaction;bonds are broken
catobolic
decomposition
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AB+C-->AC+B and AB+CD-->AD+CB
involves both synthesis and decomposition
exchange/displacement reaction
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Exchange of electrons between reactants
-oxidation:loses electron;donor (oxidized)
-reduction:gains electron;acceptor (reduced)
redox reactions (rxns)
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Exergonic (exothermic) reaction:release energy (heat)
Endergonic (endothermic) reactions: absorb energy (gain heat)
Energy Flow
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Factors That increase the rate of chemical reactions
- Increased Temperature
- Increased concentration
- smaller particle size
- catalysts
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Inorganic Chemistry: compounds without carbon bonding
What are the types of inorganic compounds?
- Water
- Salts
- Acids and Bases
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*most important inorganic molecule to the human body
*70% of living cells
*High heat capacity
*High heat of vaporization
*Polar solvent properties
*Important reactant in reactions
*main component of tissues/cushions organs
Water
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Acids
- proton donors;taste sour
- release hydrogen ions when placed in a solution
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Bases
- proton acceptors;taste bitter
- accept (decrease) hydrogen ions when in solutions, release hydroxide ions
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Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed
catalyst
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process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances
catabolism
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simpler substances are combined to make more complex substances
anabolism
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sum of all biochemical reactions in the body
- metabolism
- BMR=basal metabolic rate
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