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joints are
the junction between bones
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athro/articular refer to
joints
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arthrology
study of joints
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articular surfaces
the smooth bony surfaces that come together to form freely movable joints
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3 general classifications of joints
- immovable fibrous joints
- slightly movable cartilaginous joints
- freely movable synovial joints
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slightly movable
cartilaginous joints
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freely movable
synovial joints
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synarthroses
fibrous joints
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fibrous joints
immovable. bones firmly united by fibrous tissues
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example of fibrous joint
- sutures in skull
- splint bones of horse
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ampiarthroses
cartilaginous joints
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cartilaginous joints
slightly movable. rocking movement
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example of cartilaginous joint
- intervertebral disks
- pubic symphysis
- mandibular symphysis
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diarthroses
synovial joints
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synovial joints
freely movable
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example of synovial joint
- shoulder joint (humerus&scapula)
- stifle joint (tibia/fibula&femur)
- elbow (ulna/radius&humerus)
- hip (femur&acetabulum)
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characteristics of synovial joint
- articular surfaces covered with articular cartilage
- fluid-filled joint cavity enclosed by a joint capsule
- ligaments may be present to stabilize
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ligament
bands of fibrous connective tissue present in and around many synovial joints. connect bone to bone
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articular cartilage
thin, smooth layer of hyaline cartilage that lies on the tip of articular surface of a bone
(to reduce friction/aid in smooth movement)
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joint cavity/space
fluid filled potential space between the joint surfaces. a multilayered joint capsule surrounds it. the outer layer of the joint capsule is fibrous tissue, the lining layer is synovial membrane. synovial membrane produces the synovial fluid that lubricates the joint surfaces.
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synovial fluid
- normally transparent
- viscosity of medium-weight motor oil
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when joint disease is suspected
joint "tap" often performed. presurgical skin prep, insert needle into joint cavity and withdraw synovial fluid for examination, analysis, and possible bacterial culture
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synovial joints movements
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- rotation
- circumduction
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flexion
decrease angle between two bones
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extension
increases angle between two bones
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adduction
movement of an extremity toward the median plane
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abduction
movement of an extremity away from the median plane
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rotation
twisting movement of a part on its own axis
(hold arm out with palm down, move it so palm is up)
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circumduction
movement of an extremity so that the distal end moves in a circle
(extend arm, move hand in a circle)
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types of synovial joints
- hinge joints
- gliding joints
- pivot joints
- ball-and-socket joints
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hinge joints
also called ginglymus joints
- one joint surface swivels around another
- only movements possible are flexion and extension
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examples of hinge joint
- elbow joint
- atlantooccipital joint
(flexion&extension of atlantooccipital joint moves the skull up and down in a nodding "yes" motion)
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gliding joints
arthrodial joints
- joint surfaces relatively flat. movement between them is rocking motion.
- main movements possible are flexion and extension, but some abduction and adduction may also be possible.
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example of gliding joint
carpus (wrist)
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pivot joints
trochoid joints
- one bone pivots or rotates on another
- only movement possible is rotation
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example of pivot joint
atlantoaxial joint
only movement allows is the rotation of the head back and forth saying "no"
(only one true pivot joint in most animals: joint between first and second cervical vertebrae)
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ball-and-socket joints
spheroidal joints
allows most extensive movement (allow all the synovial joint movements)
permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, circumduction
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example of ball-and-socket joints
shoulder and hip joints
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nutritional bone complications
- rickets
- osteomalacia
- hypervitaminosis A
- scurvy
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2 most important bone developing minerals
calcium and phosphorus
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vitamin D3
UV hits skin, vitamin D3 in skin, UV turns D3 into D1 to absorb calcium&phosphorus in diet
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which type of joints give us the most trouble? (deal with the most)
freely movable synovial joints
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anatomical term for fibrous joint
synarthroses
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joints are immovable in that the bones are firmly united by fibrous tissue
fibrous joints
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anatomical term for synovial joints
diarthroses
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TMJ has what kind of joints?
hinge joints&gliding joint
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purest of diarthroses joint
ball-and-socket
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extracapsular ligaments
medial&lateral collateral ligaments
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intracapsular ligaments
anterior&posterior cruciate ligaments
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ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
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bursitis
swelling of bursa sacs (becomes infected or inflamed)
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outer layer of capsule
fibrous tissue
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lining layer of capsule
synovial membrane
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is synovial fluid trans or exudate?
transudate
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two strap like "both sides" ligaments connect the femur and tibia
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
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inside the joints are two ligaments that cross each other in an "X" shape
anterior and posterior cruciate ligament
(help prevent bones of stifle from sliding back and forth as the joint bends and strengthens)
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