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ruminant
animal that has a stomach with four complete cavities that regurgitates undigested food from the rumen and masticates it when at rest.
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4 compartments of ruminant stomach
- rumen
- reticulum
- omasum
- abomasum
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Traumatic Reticular Pericarditis
- or "Hardware Disease"
- ingested metal objects get caught in the honeycomb structure of reticulum
- usually not harmful until giving birth
swallow rumen magnent (administer with bolus or balling gun) want it to fall into reticulum
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rumen
- large muscular portion almost entirely fills up left side of abdominal cavity.
- acts as fermenting&holding vat for further digestion to occur.
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ruminal tympany/ bloat
- distention of rumen
- caused by gas, fluid, obstruction, or torsion
treatment: medication, frick speculum&gastric tube, trocar&cannula
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use trocar&cannula if..
comatose lying on ground
2 separate pieces, put together and stab in paralumbar fossa and gas will escape.
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comatose
in cardiac distress because bloat pushing on and cannot breathe
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ruminal acidosis
lactic acidosis or grain overload (cattle lower protein need)
excessive intake of grain or fermentable feed. (the sudden ingestion of high carbohydrate feed causes increase in microbial growth in rumen which causes an increase in production of lactic acid. Lactic acid and its salt cause a rise in osmotic pressure which draws fluid into the rumen resulting in dehydration. Dehydration may cause cardiovascular collapse, renal failure, muscular weakness, shock, and death.)
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omasum
- "book"
- grinds roughage before it enters the abomasum
- very dense tissue
- removes moisture
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abomasum
- "true stomach"
- first glandular portion
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tripe
- lining of abomasum
- sold as food
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tropical cattle
- more alert
- more heat resistant
- can travel further/worth with longer
- less patient
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effects of stress on cattle
- reduced weight gain
- poor reproductive performance
- reduced ability to fight disease
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cows point of balance
shoulder
- 45-60 degree behind POB=move forward
- 45-60 in front of animal=moves away from you
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restraint devices
- halter (leather, rope, nylon)
- chain chin strap
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other devices
- nose tongs
- stock prod
- herding stick
- show stick
- herding paddle
- nose ring (permanent)
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handling facilities
- assorted pens
- sorting gates
- alley (curved, solid)
- squeeze chute
- headgate
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squeeze chute
- self catcher
- scissors stanchion
- positive
- full open stanchion
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each animal should have an ID tag to..
- log its:
- vaccination
- de-worming
- breeding history
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ear tag
- most common method today
- semi-permanent
- manual applicator (tag&stud)
- variety of colors
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neck chain&tag
used commonly in dairy cattle (docile)
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tattoop
- permanent
- ear
- brucellosis vacc ID
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brand
- hot branding- easy to alter
- freeze branding
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pharmacautical
treatment of disease or infection
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biological
prevent disease
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methods of pharmaceuticals
- drench (orally, liquid)
- bolus
- liquid
- feed additive
- powder
- injectable
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injectable routes of administration
- intramuscular
- intradermal
- intraperitoneal
- subcutaneous
- intramammary infusions
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intramuscular injection
- neck (most common bc not going to be used for food) or rump
- slap method
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intravenous injection
- caudal vein (underside of tail)
- mammary vein (dairy cattle)
- jugular vein
occlude jugular vein place needle at 45 degree angle
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intradermal injection
between layers of skin
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intraperitoneal injection
- peritoneal cavity (abdominal)
- faster absorption that SQ
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intramammary infusion
end goes into teat to inject
- teat cannula
- infections
- dry cow
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topical routes of administration
- ointments
- powders
- solutions
- sprays
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oral routes of administration
- balling gun- bolus, tablets, capsules
- drench- liquid
- does syringe
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types of pharmaceuticals (treatment)
- antibiotics
- sulfas
- steroids
- hormones
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steroids
- cortisone
- anti-inflammatory
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hormones
growth impants
(hormones have withdraw times)
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types of biologicals (prevention)
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antigen
antibody reaction
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vaccine
produce "active" immunity
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bacterin
killed culture of bacteria
(Blackleg, leptospirosis, streptococcus, salmonella, pasteurella, bordetella)
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mixed bacterin
contains more than one organism
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autogenous bacterin
made from an organism isolated from an infection in animals on the permise
(sacrifice sick animal&use its tissues to create a vaccine for rest of herd)
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stock bacterin
laboratory made bacterin
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live bacterial spore
effective against bacteria that form spores
(Bacillus anthrax)
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live bacterial vaccines of reduced virulence
made from certain strains of bacteria which are less virulent than others but are still capable of producing antigen-antibody reaction
(Brucella abortis strain 19, current strain 51)
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killed virus
killed viral organisms that will produce immunity but will not cause the disease
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modified live
ability to produce the disease is diminished but will still provide immunity
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anti serum
short acting immediate protection
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antitoxins
antibodies to bacterial toxins, short acting
(Tetanus antitoxin)
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toxoids
provide longterm immunity against toxins
(Tetanus toxoid)
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adjuvants
substances added to a biological that enhance the antigen's ability to stimulate antibody production
(added to vaccines to enhance effectiveness)
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cattle respiration
10-30 RPM
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cattle temperature
100-102
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cattle estrus cycle
21 days
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pour-on parasite control
- Ivomec
- Eprinex
- Cydectin
- Dectomax
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injectable parasite control
- Ivomec
- Dectomax
- Cydectin
- Ivomec Plus
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paste parasite control
Safegaurd
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drench parasite control
- Panacur- oxybendazole
- Valbazen- albendazole
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parasites of abomasum
- Haemonchus placei (Barber-Pole Worm)
- Ostertagia ostertagi (Brown Stomach Worm)
- Trichostrongylus axei (Small Stomach Worm)
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Haemonchus placei
- barber-pole worm
- nematode
- submandibular edema, anemia, poor condition
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Ostertagia ostertagi
- brown stomach worm
- nematode
- submandibular edema, diarrhea, emaciated, death
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Trichostrongylus axei
- small stomach worm
- nematode
- annorexia, diarrhea, depressed growth
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cattle dental formula
2 (I 0/3 C 0/0 P 3/3 M 3/3)
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pylorus/ pyloric valve
controls what goes into the stomach
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cecum
- blind pouch (no exit)
- equivalent to human appendix
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use on abandoned calf
- calf nurser bottle (2 quarts)
- milk replacer
- synthetic colostrum..mix with warm water
- invert nipple to put nipple back on
- hold bottle like football with hold on nipple (cattle punch then pull when nursing)
- feed atleast 3x day, every 8 hours
not strong enough to nurse: oral calf feeder
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copper deficient results in
skin depigmentation
copasure- copper nutrient replacement (bolus)
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example of feed additive
- Safe-Guard (fenbendazole)
- looks like pelleted food
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slap method
slap twice then needle in place, attach syringe, aspirate, inject
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parasites important to cattle bc..
will affect quality/economic of
(use rotation of products when deworm so parasites do not build up immunity)
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EDTA
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
anticoagulant (purple top tube)
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