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Intracellular fluid is also known as what?
Cytosol
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What is cytosol?
watery fluid in the cell
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What are small structures within the cytosol that carry out the functions of the cell?
organelles
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What is the nucleus surrounded by?
nuclear envelope (membrane barrier)
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What does the nucleus contain?
DNA, RNA
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What is the control center for the cell?
nucleus
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
widespread membrane hallways throughout the cell
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What does rough ER have in their walls?
ribosomes
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What are ribosomes?
assemble amino acids into proteins.
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What organelles play the strongest role in protein synthesis?
ribosomes
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What does the smooth ER do?
- where lipids are produced
- store calcium ions
- detoxify poisons and chemicals (liver)
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What receives products from the ER, check them for quality, and package them up into golgi vessicles?
golgi complexes
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golgi complexes are what?
a series of stacked hallways
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What are lysosomes?
large golgi vesicles that contain powerful destructive enzymes
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What do lysosomes do?
they absorb and destroy foreign material and inneffective organelles
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oval, double membraned structures are what?
mitochondria
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what converts glucose into ATP?
mitochondria
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What produces energy for the cell?
mitochondria
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What are centrioles?
- two two star-shaped cylinders
- produce cilia and flagella
- assist with mitosis
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extracellular fluid
watery fluid outside of the cell
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What is membrane transport?
ways in which materials can enter and exit the cell.
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What is passive mechanisms?
no ATP is needed. all substances are in constant motion.
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What is the control center of the cell?
nucleolus
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What is movement of molecules or atoms from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration?
simple diffusion
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What is movement of molecules or atoms from higher to lower concentration WITH THE HELP OF a membrane protein?
facilitated diffusion
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What is osmosis?
- simple diffusion of water
- movement of water molecules from an area of higher water concentration to lower water concentration
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What is movement of a fluid and it's particles through a filter?
- filtration.
- (larger particles can't move through)
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What do active mechanisms require?
ATP
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What is movement of molecules or atoms from an area of lower concentration to higher is what?
active transport
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What does active transport require?
ATP and a type of protein called a pump.
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Why do we have epithelial tissue?
- for protection
- secretion (produce mucous, sweat)
- excretion
- absorption
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Where does epithelial originate from?
basement membrane
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Is there blood in epithelial tissue?
no, connective tissue
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cells obtain materials through diffusion from what? (for epithelial tissue)
connective tissue below
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What tissue has tightly packed cells?
epithelial
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What tissue has largely-separated cells?
connective
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What tissue contains a large quantity of non-living material between the cells known as matrix?
connective
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Why do we have connective tissue?
- to bind
- support
- protect
- movement
- storage
- heat production
- transportation
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What are fibroblasts?
- cells that create protein fibers
- cells that produce matrix that is around the cells
- tissue builders
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What are macrophages?
large eaters
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What patrols connective tissues looking for invading organisms, foreign material and dead cells?
macrophages
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What does the matrix consist of?
fibers (proteins) and ground substance (filler)
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What is the matrix produced by?
fibroblasts
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What does the matrix provide?
properties of the tissue
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What types of fibers are there?
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what does ground substance protect the tissue from?
compression
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Types of connective tissue are what?
- areolar
- reticular
- dense regular
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What does areolar look like?
- loosely arranged
- widespread
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Where is epithelial found?
beneath epithelial tissues
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What binds epithelial tissue to the body?
areolar connective tissue
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Does areolar tissue provide blood supply?
yes
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What are characteristics of reticular fiber?
- structured like a screen
- serves as a filter
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Collagen fibers packed closely together in parallel lines are what?
dense regular connective tissue
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What does dense regular connective tissue do?
- provides rope-like structure
- tendons
- ligaments
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What are tendons?
connect muscles to bones
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What are ligaments?
connect bones to other bones
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What are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
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What is clear, has a fetal skeleton, and has a rib to sternum connectin?
hyaline cartilage
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What does elastic cartilage do and where can you find it?
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What does fibrocartilage feel like and where can you find it?
- tough
- between the vertebrae and within the knee
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What is bone connective tissue like?
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What is blood connective tissue like?
- flows in liquid matrix
- within the blood vessels and heart chambers
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What secretes products or excretes wastes?
glands
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What are glands mostly made of?
epithelial tissue
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What two types of glands are there?
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What do endocrine glands do?
Secrete products into the blood stream known as hormones
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What do exocrine glands do?
use ducts to transport their secretions or excretions to a surface (sweat, tears)
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What are membranes?
two or three tissues closely linked
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What three types of membranes are there?
mucous, serous, cutaneous
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What does mucous membranes do?
lines surfaces connected to the outside
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What does serous membrane do?
line the outside of organs and line body cavities
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What does cutaneous membrane do?
lines the outside of the body
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What is part of the integumentary system?
skin, nails, hair and cutaneous glands
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What are the functions of the skin?
- protection
- vitamin d production
- thermoregulation
- sensation
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