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Protoplast
Delimited by plasma membrane; includes nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials.
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Vegetative organs
Roots, stems, leaves
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Reproductive organs
Sepals, petal, stamen, pistil, carpel (fruit)
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Polymerization
- Covalent linkage; dehydration synthesis (removal of H2O)
- Polymer: eg. disaccharide
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Monosaccharide
- Simple sugar
- C backbone
- Hydrophilic
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Amylose
- Starch
- α-glucose
- Soluble/ easily digested
- Function: E storage

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Cellulose
- Primary structural polysaccharide
- β-glucose; 1,4 linkage
- insoluble/ indigestible
- Function: structural
- H bonds bet. chains form microfibrils

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Sucrose
- C12H22O11
 - α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-fructofuranoside
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Peptide bond
- Links amino acids; N-terminus to C-terminus
- Carboxyl group to amino group
- Dehydration synthesis

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Lipids
- Triglycerides: neutral fats & oils; storage
- Hydrophobic, no polar bonds
- Phospholipids
- Cutin, suberin, waxes
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2° metabolite
- Alkaloids
- Terpenoids
- Phenolics
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Phenolic
- 2° metabolite
- Deposited in vacuole of cell wall
- Tannins: deter herbivores; toxins
- Lignins: cell wall; waterproofing, anti-fungal ex. anthocyanin
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Meristem
- Undifferentiated cells, found in zones of the plant where growth can take place.
- Give rise to various organs of the plant, and keep the plant growing.
- Developmental and phenotypic plasticity.
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Thylakoid
- Site of light depepndent rxns in chloroplasts.
- Stack= Granum
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Parenchyma
- Ground tissue; most numerous in plant body.
- In cortex of stems and roots, leaf mosophyll, and flesh of fruits.
- Living at maturity; Mitotic
- Undifferentiated
- Totipotent
- Well developed central vacuole & nucleus
- Thin 1o cell wall
- Apical mer.-> ground mer.-> parenchyma
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Collenchyma
Living at maturity
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Herbacious
Non-woody part of plant
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Lignin
- A phenolic
- Enhances cell wall and waterproofing
- Deposited in cell wall, not vacuole
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Xylem
- Principle water conducting tissue
- Involved in conduction of minerals, support and food storage.
- Principally composed of tracheary elements: tracheids & Vessel elements
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Phloem
- Principal food-conducting and substance transport tissue.
- Lon distance signaling
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Tonoplast
Membrane surrounding a vacuole.
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