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Definition: transmembrane receptor that forms an ion channel
ionotropic receptor
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Defintion: transmembrane receptor linked to intracellular G proteins
metabotropic receptors
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Definition: cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors
intracellular receptors
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What type of receptors are receptor tyrosine kinases?
transmembrane receptor with enzymatic intracellular domain
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3 ways NT's are cleared from synapse
- metabolism
- transport into cell
- diffusion
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3 types of stimulation of receptors
- postsynaptic
- presynaptic
- astrocytes
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primary excitatory NT
glutamate
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primary inhibitory NT
GABA
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2 factors that determine whether or not ions flow through ionotropic receptors
- electrochemical gradient
- concentration gradient
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when GABA receptors open, there is an influx of ____ into the cell, causing a net _____ effect
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benzodiazepines _____ CNS function by increasing the influx of ______ and _______ cells
- depress
- Cl-
- hyperpolarizing
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function of benzodiazepine antagonist site
BLOCK the effects of BDZ
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function of benzodiazepine inverse agonist site
make GABA LESS likely to bind
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function of benzodiazepines (BDZ site)
increase affinity of the receptor for GABA when it is bound
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most abundant class of receptors in the body
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
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GPCR
G protein coupled receptors
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D1-like dopamine receptors are of which kind?
Gs (G-proteins that stimulate second messenger formation)
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opioid receptors are of which kind?
Gi (G-proteins that inhibit second messenger formation)
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insulin receptors are of which kind?
receptors w/ enzymatic intracellular domain (eg. tyrosine kinase)
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BCL-Abl proteins are receptors of what kind?
receptors w/ enzymatic intracellular domain (eg. tyrosine kinase)
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intracellular receptors have [lipophobic/lipophilic] agonists
lipophilic
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steroid hormones (glucocorticoids) have receptors of which type?
intracellular receptors
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definition: any change in brain function
- neuroplasticity
- morphology, synaptic activity, synaptic connections (circuits), genes expressed, etc.
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2 forms of neuroplasticity tolerance
- sequestration of receptor (transient - recycling, persistent - degradation of R)
- receptor uncoupling (detached from G protein)
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definition: the sequence of events that creates a hyperexcitable network
epileptogenesis
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definition: recurrent spontaneous seizures
epilepsy
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definition: 30+ minutes of continuous seizure activity or a series of seizures without return to full consciousness between the seizures
status epilepticus
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definition: an abnormal, involuntary muscle contraction or series of contractions
convulsion
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definition: seizure that originates in a small area of the cortex
partial seizure
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definition: seizure that, even on initial onset, involves firing of thalamus and cortex so entire cortex is involved
generalized seizure
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3 types of partial seizures
- simple
- complex
- secondarily generalized
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define simple seizure
partial seizure with zero impairment of consciousneses
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define complex seizure
partial seizure with impaired consciousness
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define secondarily generalized seizure
partial seizure that spreads throughout the cortex by propagating through normal circuits linking both hemispehres
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3 ways by which a partial seizure spreads within the brain
- impaired surround inhibition
- build up in extracellular K+ concentrations
- accumulation of calcium (esp in synaptic terminals)
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3 types of generalized seizures
- absence
- myoclonic
- tonic-clonic
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T-Type Ca++ channels open when the cell is ______polarized
hyperpolarized
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action of carbamezapine
targets sodium channel
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action of lamotrigine
targets sodium channel
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action of valproic acid
- target sodium channels
- target T-type calcium channels
- target GABAergic signaling
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action of rufinamide
- target sodium channels
- target glutamatergic signaling
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action of ethosuximide
target t-type calcium channels
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action of clonazepam
- target t-type calcium channels
- target GABAergic signaling
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action of pregabalin
- target high-voltage calcium channels
- target GABAergic signaling
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action of phenobarbital
target GABAergic signaling (barbiturate)
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action of diazepam
target GABAergic signaling (benzodiazepines, acute)
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