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Where did we first start to see English settlers?
Virginia
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Why did the English come to the United States?
for religious freedom
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What was the goal of the settlers who came to America?
to transform their new surroundings
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Early American architecture was _____ and _____.
Structural and Functional
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The architecture that they created in Early America needed to create protection from what?
weather, wild animals, and the Indians
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What was the first home?
A log cabin
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In the U.S, how was waddle and dab constructed?
twigs and clay
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What is clap board?
The "skin" overlay in waddle and dab construction
Clap board was a better insulator than waddle and dab.
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Cedar Shingles
cedar from cedar trees would protected the wood.
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When was brick first used?
- (Early American Colonial)
- 18th century in the middle- southern colonies (Virginia etc.)
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Dormer
window in the roofline
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What is a window in the roofline called?
Dormer
(Early American Colonial)
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Gable roof
had roofing tiles on two sides
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What type of roof has roofing tiles on two sides?
Gable roof
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How did they keep the bugs out since they had no glass for the windows?
Oiled paper which made it transparent, but they still used shutters with it.
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How high was the first ceiling?
7 feet
(Early American Colonial)
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When do Hepplewhite and Sheraton come back?
American Federal Design
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During the American Federal period, what was America's architectural goal?
to bring comfort, dignity and quality to all classes
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Washington and Jefferson wanted an architectural style that represented forms from _______ & _______.
Democratic Greece & Republican Rome.
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Who wanted an architectural style that represented Democratic Greece and Republican Rome?
Washington and Jefferson
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"Post Colonial" style was for who?
the lower class
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"Federal" style was for who?
the upper class because it was expensive to build
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What buildings are considered Federal Style?
governmental buildings- banks, town halls, churches, residential architecture etc.
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What was American Federal style made up of?
- The Adam Brothers from England
- The Neoclassical
- Jefferson's style (was more Roman influenced ie. dome)
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Who was the first one to bring the Dome to America?
Thomas Jefferson
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What are hypens?
the 'wings' of a house
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What are the "wings" of a house called?
Hypens
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How were Federal interiors?
- oval, round, octagonal rooms
- adam staircase
- ceilings taller on first floor
- exterior ornamentation brought inside
- delicately scaled ornamentation
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When were oval, round and octagonal rooms used?
American Federal Design
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When were the ceilings taller on the first floor?
American Federal Design
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When was exterior ornamentation brought inside?
American Federal Design
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Whose books were brought to America for esthetics?
Hepplewhite and Sheratin
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Hepplewhite and Sheratin influenced what period's furniture?
American Federal Design
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Who reproduced Hepplewhite and Sheratin furniture?
Duncan Phyfe
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Who was America's first cabinet maker?
Duncan Phyfe
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What is Duncan Phyfe best known for?
- Lire forms on chair backs
- sofa arms
- table supports
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Who used Grecian curves in furniture?
Duncan Phyfe
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Who used the splayed leg in furniture?
Duncan Phyfe?
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What leg did Duncan Phyfe use in his furniture?
Splayed leg
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What type of wood did Hepplewhite and Sheratin use?
- Satin wood
- Mahogany
- Fruit wood
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Who used the eagle in their furniture?
Hepplewhite, Sheratin and Duncan
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Why did they use the eagle in their furniture?
because it is our national bird
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What timer period did they use plaster on the ceiling and on the walls?
American Colonial
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What timer period had plank floors?
American Colonial
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What type of woods were used in American Colonial?
local woods- oak and pine
then walnut and maple
then fruit woods (cheery=most pop)
then mahogany
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During American Colonial, the furniture was copied from where?
England
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Pilgrim furniture is from what period?
Early American Colonial
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Who designed the first furniture "set"?
Pilgrim furniture- American Colonial
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What time period are quoins from?
American Georgian
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Georgian Style was designed for who?
Wealthier Americans
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How may sides does a hipped roof have?
four
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How many sides does a gable roof have?
two
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What time period used parquet floors?
American Georgian
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When did they start using wallpaper?
American Georgain
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What two designers are under American Georgian Design?
Queen Anne and Chippendale
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Hepplewhite and Sheraton furniture are from what period?
American Federal
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Duncan Phyfe is from what period?
American Federal
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When is the first time we see a middle class?
American Victorian
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What period was also known as the Guilded age?
American Victorian
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What does the Guilded age mean?
fortunes could be made overnight
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What periods had a revival during the American Victorian?
- Greek
- Gothic
- Italian Villa and Italianate
- Stick style
- Second empire
- Queen Anne
- Egyptian/ Moorish
- Shingle style
- Richardson Romanesque
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Describe qualities of Greek Revival during the American Victorian period.
- symmetrical facade
- pediments
- pilasters
- lights above door
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Describe qualities of Gothic Revival during the American Victorian period.
- trefoil/ quatrefoil windows
- bargeboard tracery in roofline/ gothic tracery
- sharp sloped roof
- board and batten siding
- pointed arches and dormers
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Describe qualities of Italian Villas during the American Victorian period.
- ASYMMETRICAL
- classical ornamentation
- overscaled appearance
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Describe qualities of the Italianates during the American Victorian period.
- SYMMETRICAL
- classical ornamentation
- overscaled appearance
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Describe qualities of Stick Style homes during the American Victorian period.
- Asymmetrical
- sickwork applied to exterior over clapboard creating a half timber effect
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Describe qualities of Second Empire homes during the American Victorian period.
- mansard roofs *** (steep roofs)
- heavy baroque ornamentation
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Describe qualities of Queen Anne's revival during the American Victorian period.
- Asymmetrical
- variety of shapes and decorative details
MOST POPULAR REVIVAL
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Describe qualities of Egyptian Revival during the American Victorian period.
- symmetrical balance
- egyptian columns, ornamentation, symbolism
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Describe qualities of Moorish Revival during the American Victorian period.
- asymmetrical
- horeshoe arches, onion domes..
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Describe qualities of Richardson Romanesque during the American Victorian period.
- Rusticated stone exterior in brownstone or granite
- heavy load bearing walls give fortress like appearance
- massive stone roman arches
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What are the three categories of American Victorian furniture?
- Historic revival styles
- Reform movement
- Victorian inventions
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Describe qualities of Empire furniture during the American Victorian period.
- furniture is heavy and masculine
- classic greek forms: turned pillars, columns and "S" and "C" scrolls
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Describe qualities of Rococo revival furniture during the American Victorian period.
- fluid and feminine
- cabriole leg
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Describe qualities of Renaissance revival furniture during the American Victorian period.
- brash
- bold
- massive
- overscaled
- greko-roman forms used; crests, gilding, volutes, medallions, all classical moldings
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Describe qualities of Cottage furniture during the American Victorian period.
- turning in legs
- was mass produced
- scaled down and simplified
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Describe qualities of Golden Oak furniture during the American Victorian period.
- deep yellow wood that exposed the true grain of the wood
- sturdy
- informal
- simple
- no ornamentaion
- (firplace shield from this period)
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Who is Michael Thonet?
he produced bentwood furniture
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Who produced bentwood furniture?
Michael Thonet
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Who won awards in London's great exhibition of 1851?
Michael Thonet
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What furniture was the most popular out of the Victorian inventions?
Wicker
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What are the categories under Victorian Inventions?
- Papier mache
- Horn
- Metal
- Wicker
- Rustic furniture
- Patent furniture
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When was an eyebrow window used?
Richardson Romanesque
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