LED

• incandescent
• CEL
• HID
• halogen

efficacy of the complete luminaire, or fixture (taking into account the optics, thermal design, and other design factors) in lumens per watt. = total light output of a luminaire / amount of power (lm/W)

efficacy of the light source, separate from the fixture in lumens per watt. (It does not account for losses caused when that system is installed in a fixture.)= total light output of a lamp power supply system / power drawn by that system. (lm/W)

• LED (Light Emitting Diode) consists of two different semiconductor placed side by side with a p-n junction
• there are holes on the p-side to be filled with electrons 
• there are extra electrons on the n-side that are free to move around
• when a current passes through, the holes and electron move to the junction, the electron loses energy to fill to hole and releases energy in the form of photon

• efficacy droop
• better understanding on lifetime, failure mechanism and reliability 
• Lower cost LED packages and luminaire materials are needed
• Lack of process and component uniformity
• No standard testing method

• •high cost(material cost cut by higher emittance and waste minimization)
• • Extraction of warm white light from the device
• • Reduce the drive voltage by reducing the effective resistance between the electrodes .
• • low lumen output
• • Research into the design of external films that will control the light distribution and enhance extraction
• short shelf life and operating lifetime
• NO standard testing
• tough competition with LED backlight

uses semi-conducting materials to convert electricity into light.

• low overall cost
• no mercury
• high energy efficiency
• long lifetime
• smaller size
• faster switching

• Fast decline in price-competitive with that of CFL
• phasing out of inefficient light bulbs due to regulations(esp. in China and Europe)

• uses fluorescent technology, LED does not outperform in terms of efficacy
• savings on energy is rewarded to tenants, not the owner who manage the lighting facilities in the office

• for ultra-high brightness applications, it is expensive to use LED compared to HID and halogen lamps
• regulations  in EU requires car manufacturer to use LED in daytime lamps

• philips
• osram
• ge
• cree
• nichia
• seoul semiconductor
• Toyoda Gosei
• Agilent Technologies

• backlighting for TV, monitors, mobile devices
• architectual lighting
• general lighting

• deliver complete light solutions 
• leader luminaires company
• >140licensing programs
• heat sink
• “Flip-Chip” packaging technology
• Leading in high-power white lighting tube development
• developed OLED

• strong network in sales
• large-scale investment in LED luminaires and controls
• brandname

• stable supply of raw materials
• 128 patents

• Joint venture with Sumitomo Chemicals for stable supply of sapphire wafers
• other branches of Samsung Electronics which need LED products, like LED TVs, Smartphones
• advanced technologies in production process

licensing program on remote phosphor technology

• patent on Tetra LED lighting system
• Cooling technology
• Halogen power supplies
• leader in Nafta

• leader as supplier of automotive lamps and LED for vehicles
• dominance in electronic control gear

Asia...rapid construction investment

areas of applications including residential, office, shop, hospitality, industrial, outdoor and architectural

• OLED will be developed to replace LED
• backlighting market will shrink and companies will shift their production for general lighting
• Dropping Average Selling Price (ASP) of LED Components due to rapid adoptation
• Broadening of LED Package Types
• commercial/industrial and retail display will biggest segment by 2016

• the top component suppliers are from Asia
• architectural lighting takes the largest share of LED lighting segmentation
• incandescent lighting still dominant in residential segment
• linear/CFL dominant in commercial segment
• HID dominant in outdoor lighting segment

• wafer, chip, LED component, LED module
• module+drive=engine
• engine+secondary optics+heat sink=luminaire

• • Dimming – lighting control gear.
• • EMI issues – electromagnetic interference (EMI) of switching inverters affecting LED driver performance
• • Heat – High thermal intensity. Thermal management to avoid high junction temperature. The heatsink is typically a significant proportion of the lamp cost.
• • Power factor – Current and voltage not in phase and power factor correction is required.
• • Phosphor – Use Phosphor to adjust lighting colour.
• • Optics – LEDs emit over a relatively narrow solid angle compared to existing technologies

• design patterns
• copyright
• patent
• Trade Secrets/Confidential Information
• trade mark

• limited time
• defined by patent claims
• territorial
• first file
• license is revocable while assignment is irrevocable

• licensing revenue
• reduce competitors by frozing development of competing technologies
• competitive advantage
• asset creation