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conventional lighting
- incandescent
- CEL
- HID
- halogen
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Luminaire efficacy
efficacy of the complete luminaire, or fixture (taking into account the optics, thermal design, and other design factors) in lumens per watt. = total light output of a luminaire / amount of power (lm/W)
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Source efficacy
efficacy of the light source, separate from the fixture in lumens per watt. (It does not account for losses caused when that system is installed in a fixture.)= total light output of a lamp power supply system / power drawn by that system. (lm/W)
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working principle of LED
- LED (Light Emitting Diode) consists of two different semiconductor placed side by side with a p-n junction
- there are holes on the p-side to be filled with electrons
- there are extra electrons on the n-side that are free to move around
- when a current passes through, the holes and electron move to the junction, the electron loses energy to fill to hole and releases energy in the form of photon
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challenges of LED lighting
- efficacy droop
- better understanding on lifetime, failure mechanism and reliability
- Lower cost LED packages and luminaire materials are needed
- Lack of process and component uniformity
- No standard testing method
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OLED adoption barrier
- •high cost(material cost cut by higher emittance and waste minimization)
- • Extraction of warm white light from the device
- • Reduce the drive voltage by reducing the effective resistance between the electrodes .
- • low lumen output
- • Research into the design of external films that will control the light distribution and enhance extraction
- short shelf life and operating lifetime
- NO standard testing
- tough competition with LED backlight
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Solid-state lighting (SSL) technology
uses semi-conducting materials to convert electricity into light.
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advantages of LED
- low overall cost
- no mercury
- high energy efficiency
- long lifetime
- smaller size
- faster switching
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why is LED lighting gaining popularity in residential lighting market
- Fast decline in price-competitive with that of CFL
- phasing out of inefficient light bulbs due to regulations(esp. in China and Europe)
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setbacks on popularity of LED in office lighting market
- uses fluorescent technology, LED does not outperform in terms of efficacy
- savings on energy is rewarded to tenants, not the owner who manage the lighting facilities in the office
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factors affecting LED growth in automotive lighting market(now mainly used for indicators and brake lighting)
- for ultra-high brightness applications, it is expensive to use LED compared to HID and halogen lamps
- regulations in EU requires car manufacturer to use LED in daytime lamps
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key players
- philips
- osramge
- cree
- nichiaseoul semiconductor
- Toyoda Gosei
- Agilent Technologies
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applications
- backlighting for TV, monitors, mobile devices
- architectual lighting
- general lighting
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philips key advantage
- deliver complete light solutions
- leader luminaires company
- >140licensing programs
- heat sink
- “Flip-Chip” packaging technology
- Leading in high-power white lighting tube development
- developed OLED
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factors contributing to philips' advantages
- strong network in sales
- large-scale investment in LED luminaires and controls
- brandname
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samsung electronics key advantages
- stable supply of raw materials
- 128 patents
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factors contributing to samsung electronics' advantages
- Joint venture with Sumitomo Chemicals for stable supply of sapphire wafers
- other branches of Samsung Electronics which need LED products, like LED TVs, Smartphones
- advanced technologies in production process
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cree key advantage
licensing program on remote phosphor technology
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GE lighting key advantages
- patent on Tetra LED lighting system
- Cooling technology
- Halogen power supplies
- leader in Nafta
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Osram key advantages
- leader as supplier of automotive lamps and LED for vehicles
- dominance in electronic control gear
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The region ... is expected to have sig. growth in LED market due to...
Asia...rapid construction investment
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meaning of general lighting
areas of applications including residential, office, shop, hospitality, industrial, outdoor and architectural
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LED market trend
- OLED will be developed to replace LED
- backlighting market will shrink and companies will shift their production for general lighting
- Dropping Average Selling Price (ASP) of LED Components due to rapid adoptation
- Broadening of LED Package Types
- commercial/industrial and retail display will biggest segment by 2016
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facts about current market
- the top component suppliers are from Asia
- architectural lighting takes the largest share of LED lighting segmentation
- incandescent lighting still dominant in residential segment
- linear/CFL dominant in commercial segment
- HID dominant in outdoor lighting segment
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LED value chain
- wafer, chip, LED component, LED module
- module+drive=engine
- engine+secondary optics+heat sink=luminaire
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design issues of LED
- • Dimming – lighting control gear.
- • EMI issues – electromagnetic interference (EMI) of switching inverters affecting LED driver performance
- • Heat – High thermal intensity. Thermal management to avoid high junction temperature. The heatsink is typically a significant proportion of the lamp cost.
- • Power factor – Current and voltage not in phase and power factor correction is required.
- • Phosphor – Use Phosphor to adjust lighting colour.
- • Optics – LEDs emit over a relatively narrow solid angle compared to existing technologies
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types of intellectual property
- design patterns
- copyright
- patent
- Trade Secrets/Confidential Information
- trade mark
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characteristics of patent
- limited time
- defined by patent claims
- territorial
- first file
- license is revocable while assignment is irrevocable
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reasons for patent
- licensing revenue
- reduce competitors by frozing development of competing technologies
- competitive advantage
- asset creation
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