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Collecting Pre-Assessment Information
- Written case history
- Interview
- Information from other
- professionals
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Written Case Histories
- Cultural differences
- Interference of life experiences
- Misunderstandings of requests of the case hx form
- Not enough time to complete form
- Not knowing information
- Events too long ago
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Reliability problems with case history data
do not over-depend on case hx data
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Interviewing To Obtain Information
Purposes
- Get additional details
- Clarify information on written case hx forms
- Answer any questions client may have
- Gives clients opportunities to talk out problems, vent frustrations etc.
- Gives clinicians idea of scope of problem
- Allows clinician to formulate a hypothesis regarding a client’s communication disorder
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Interviewing To Obtain Information
- Think of it as a directed conversation
- Know the purpose of the interview; can be a variety of purposes
- Use both open ended and closed questions
- Be direct
- Important to establish a relationship—engender positive regard
- Don’t shy away from embarrassing questions
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Set The Tone
- Define role of interviewer and interviewee
- Explain purposes of interview
- Choose a nondistracting site
- Act interested (!)
- Appropriate dress, posture etc.
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Question Asking
Ask questions that get at:
- Respondent’s perception of problem
- When and under what conditions did communication arise?
- How had disorder changed over time?
- What are consequences/handicapping conditions of the problem
- How has family tried to cope with the problem?
- Impact of communication disorder on the rest of family
- Expectations during any diagnostic sessions
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Things To Avoid In The Interview
- Avoid too many closed questions
- Avoid phrasing that will lead to a certain answer
- Avoid quick shifts in line of questions
- Avoid talking too much
- Avoid concentrating only on physical issues
- Avoid providing information too soon
- Avoid sounding hesitant when you ask questions
- Avoid moralistic/judgemental responses
- Avoid allowing superficial answers
- Avoid trusting in your memory
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Giving Information
What will clients ask
- Seeking facts about speech disorder
- Seeking confirmation of clinician’s opinion about something
- Seeking emotional support
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Advice To Beginning Clinicians
- You may need to repeat things over and over – clients will be confused and misunderstand for a variety of reasons
- Don’t lecture
- Use simple language
- Provide something client can do
- Be pleasant
- Beware that clients may ‘punish the messenger”
- Read widely
- Listen to lots of people
- Go to sensitivity training; values clarification
- Know yourself—your values, dreams etc.
- Record you first interviews and analyze them carefully
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List Of Competencies For Interviewing
- Orienting respondent
- Communication demeanor
- Use of questions and recording
- Active listening
- Monitors nonverbal cues
- Presenting information
- Closing interview
- Analysis of information
- Write a report
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Orienting respondent
- Attends to comfort needs (e.G. Coats, seating, etc.)
- Appropriate small talk
- Explains purposes, procedures
- Structures the roles of interviewer and interviewee
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Communication demeanor
- Demonstrates attending behaviors
- Asks open ended questions
- Obtains overview of presenting problem
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Use of questions and recording
- Orderly, sequential questions
- Nondistracting note taking
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Active listening
- Reflects feelings (empathy)
- Periodic summarizing of affect and content
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Presenting information
- Content
- Style
- Answers
- Use of humor etc.
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Closing interview
- Summary, review of findings
- Recommendations; what next step will be
- Supportive comments
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Analysis of information
- Determine major themes
- Associate ideas
- Note inconsistencies
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