AG 12

to declare that a court ruling is valid and must stand

a brief (a document containing a legal argument supporting a desired outcome in a particular case) filed by a third party who is not directly involved in the litigation but who has an interest in the outcome

a court having jurisdiction in review cases and issues that were originally in lower court

judicial interpretations of common law principles and doctrines, as well as interpretations of constitutional law, statutory law, and administrative law

judge-made law that originated in England from decisions shaped according to prevailing custom. decisions were applied to similar situations and gradually became common to the nation.

a separate opinion prepared by a judge who supports the decision of the majority of the court but for different reasons

a separate opinion in which a judge dissents from (disagrees with) the conclusion reached by the majority on the court and expounds his or her own views about the case

the condition that exists when the parities to a lawsuit are from different states or when the sit involves a U.S. citizen and a government or citizen of a foreign country. basis for federal jurisdiction

a question that has to do with the U.S. Constitution, acts of congress, or treaties. basis for federal jurisdiction

exists when a court's authority to hear cases is not significantly restricted. can hear a broad range of cases

a doctrine holding that the federal judiciary should take an active role by using its powers to check the activities of governmental bodies when those bodies exceed their authority

the way in which court decisions are translated into action

a doctrine holding that courts should defer to the decisions made by the elected representatives of the people in the legislative and executive branches

the authority of a court to decide certain cases. not all courts have the authority to decide all cases. where a case arises and what its subject matter is are two jurisdictional issues.

a controversy that is real and substantial, as opposed to hypothetical or academic.

exists when a court's authority to hear cases is restricted to certain types of claims, such as tax claims or bankruptcy petitions

to engage in a legal proceeding or seek relief in a court of law; to carry on a lawsuit

a court opinion reflecting the views of the majority of the judges

the arguments presented in person by attorneys to an appellate court. each attorney presents reasons to the court why the court should rule in her or his client's favor

an issue that a court believes should be decided by the executive or legislative branch

to send a case back to the court that originally heard it

to annul or make void a court ruling on account of some error or irregularity

a united states supreme court procedure by which four justices must vote to grant a petition for review if a case is to come before the full court

in federal district court judgeship nomination, a tradition allowing a senator to veto a judicial appointment in his or her state.

to stand on decided cases; the judicial policy of following precedents established by past decisions

the court in which most cases begin

a court opinion or determination on which all judges agree

an order issued by a higher court to a lower court to send up the record of a case for review