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head circumference
33-35.5 (13-14 inches)
microcephaly: below the 10th percentile
macrocephaly: above 90th percentile
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chest circumference
30.5-33 cm (12-13 inches)
or 2-3 cm less than the head
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length
45-53 cm (19-21 inches)
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weight
2,500-4,000 (5lbs 8oz-8lbs 13oz)
weight loss 5%-10% of birth weight during the first week is normal.
will regain birth weight within 10 days
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temperature
axillary is preferred
36.4-37.2 celcius
97.5-99 fahrenheit
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respirations
30-60 breaths per minute
irregular
diaphragmatic and abdominal breathing
periods of apnea less than 15 seconds
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pulse
120-160 (110-160)
increases to 180 when crying and to 100 when sleeping
tachycardia (greater than 160)
bradycardia (less than 100)
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blood pressure
arm and leg
50-75/30-45 mm Hg
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anterior fontanel
closes by 18 months
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posterior fontanel
closes btwn 2-4 months
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hypospadias
urethral opening is on the ventral surface of the penis
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epispadias
the urethral opening is on the dorsal side of the penis
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undescended testes
testes not palpated in the scrotum
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hydrocele
enlarged scrotum due to excess fluid, no urination in 24 hrs
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polydactyly
extra digits may indicate a genetic disorder
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syndactyly
webbed digits may indicate a genetic disorder
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hypotonia
floppy, limp extremities may indicate possible nerve injury related to birth, depression of CNS
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hypertonia
tightly flexed arms and stiffly extended legs with quivering indicates possible drug withdrawal
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acrocyanosis
hands and feet are blue
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circumoral cyanosis
benign localized transient cyanosis around mouth
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mottling
benign transient pattern of pink and white blotches on the skin
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harlequin sign
one side of body is pink and the other side is white
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mongolian spots
flat bluish discolored area on the lower back or buttocks.
more often african american, asian, latin and native americans
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erythema toxicum
rash with red macules and papules that appear in different areas of the body, usually the trunk area
can appear 24 hours to 2 weeks
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milia
white papules on the face, more on the bridge of the nose and chin
exposed sebaceous glands/white heads
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lanugo
fine downy hair that develops 16 weeks of gestation
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vernix caseosa
protective substance secreted from sebaceous glands that covered the fetus during pregnancy
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jaundice
- -yellow coloring of skin
- -first appears on face and extends to the trunk
- -within 24 hours =liver
- -after 24 hrs=physiological jaundice related to increased amount of unconjugated bilirubin in the system
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molding
elongation of the fetal head as it adapts to the birth canal
resolves within 1 week
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caput seccedaneum
localized soft tissue edema of the scalp, feels spongy and can CROSS SUTURE LINES
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cephalhematoma
formation btwn the periosteum and skull with unilateral swelling
appears within a few hours of birth and can increase in size over a few days
CAN NOT CROSS SUTURE LINES
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epsteins pearls
white pearl like epithelial cysts on gum margins and palate
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natal teeth
immature caps of enamel and dentin with poorly developed roots
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moro
present at birth and disappears within 6 months
let the head slightly drop back, need to see symmetrical abduction and extension of arms and legs flex up against the trunk
makes a C with thumb and index finger
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startle
make a loud sound near neonate
same as moro response
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tonic neck
btwn birth and 6 weeks-disappears 4-6 months
supine, turn head to one shoulder, neonate should make a "fencing" position with arms and legs
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rooting
present at birth-disappears 3-6 months
brush the side of a cheek near the corner of mouth, neonate turns head near finger and opens mouth
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sucking
present at birth-disappears 10-12 months
place a gloved finger or nipple in neonates mouth, sucking motion occurs
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palmar grasp
present at birth-disappears 3-4 months
place a finger in the palm of neonates hand, neonate grasps the finger
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plantar grasp
present at birth-disappears at 3-4 months
place a thumb firmly against the ball of the infants foot, toes flex tightly down in a grasping motion
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babinski
present at birth-disappears at 1 yr
stroke the lateral surface of the sole in an upward motion, hyperextension and fanning of the toes
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stepping or dancing
present at birth-disappears 3-4 weeks
hold the neonate upright with feet touching a flat surface, the neonate steps up and down in place
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