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Condyle
Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
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Crest
Narrow, ridgelike projection
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Epicondyle
Projection situated above a condyle
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Facet
small, nearly flat surface
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fontanel
soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones
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foramen
opening through a bone that usually is a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
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Fossa
relatively deep pit or depression
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fovea
tiny pit or depression
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head
enlargement on the end of a bone
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meatus
tubelike passageway within a bone
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Process
prominent projection on a bone
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Sinus
cavity within a bone
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Spine
thornlike projection
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Suture
interlocking line of union between bones
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Trochanter
relatively large process
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Tubercle
small, knoblike process
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Tuberosity
Knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle
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Types of cartilages
- hyaline
- elastic
- fibrocartilage
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hyaline cartilage
- most abundant type of cartilage in body.
- Found in joints, end of nose (break down) trachea.
- Its for support. Not as rigid as bones.
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Elastic cartilage
- Flexible, found in outer ear.
- Found in epiglottis.
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Fibrocartilage cartilage
- "shock absorbers" cushioning.
- Found in intervertebral disc, pubic symphysis, meniscus (bw knees). Absorb pression. cause people to get shorter.
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ligament connects:
- bone to bone
- e. patellar ligament, below patella
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tendon connects:
- bone to muscle
- e. quadriceps tendon, above patella
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Number of bones in body
approx. 206 bones in body
- varies because sutural bones
- 2 divisions-axial and appendicular
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Classification of bones
- 1)Long bone-humerus or arm
- 2)Short bones-carpals of wrist
- 3) Flat bone-parietal bone of skull
- 4)Irregular bone-vertebrae, os coxae
- Sesamoid bone-patella (held in place by ligaments and tendons)
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compact bone
tightly packed tissue that make most of the wall of the diaphysis
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periosteum
fibrous, vascular connective tissue wrapped around the bone EXCEPT the epiphysis.
helps form and repair bone tissue
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osteon
unit of bone conversion
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intramembranous bones
originate between sheetlike layers of connective tissues.
e. broad, flat bones of the skull. fontanels
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endochondral bones
begin as masses of cartilage that are later replaced by bone tissue
most of the bones of the skeleton are endochondral
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osteoblast
immature cells. do not have canaliculi
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osteoclast
break down the calcified extracellular matrix
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4 fontanels
- mastoid
- sphenoid
- frontal
- occipital
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articular cartilage
- layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the outer surface of the epiphysis.
- it never ossifies
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Factors that affect bone development
- -groth hormones-anterior pituitary
- -Thyroxine-thyroid (major metabolic hormone)(test babies)
- -Sex hormoones at puberty
- -Mechanical stress
- -Vitamin D-used to absorb the calcium
- -PTH/calcitonin-calcium levels. added to milk
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articulations
junctions between bones
- approx. 230 joints in body
- classified according to
structure and type of movement
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artritis
Inflamation of joint
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Ball and socket joint
ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cupshaped cavity of another.
ex.head of femur in acetabulum
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Condylar joint
oval-shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another.
ex. metacarpal and phalanx
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plane joint
articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
- ex. carpals
- tarsals, sacroiliac joins, joints bw ribs 2-7 and sternum
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hinge joint
flexion and extension
- ex.
- humerus and ulna
- elbow, joints of phalanges
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pivot joint
rotation around a central axis
joint bw the atlas and dens of the axis
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Saddle joint
articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions' the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another.
ex joint bw the carpal and metacarpal of thumb
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Type of joints
- Fibrous-sutures
- cartilaginous-pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints
- synovial-synovial membrane-secretes synovial fluid that lubricates joints (most common)
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bursa
fluid filled sacs filled with synobial fluid. For cushioning. Found in elbows and knees
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Joint classification based on movement
- synarphrotic-immovable
- amphiarthrotic-slightly movable
- diarthrotic-freely movable
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flexion
Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the knee)
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extension
moving parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the knee)
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dorsiflexion
movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin (walking on hills)
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plantar flexion
movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin (walking or standing on toes)
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hyperextension
A term sometimes used to describe the extension of the parts at a joint beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position); often used to describe an abnormal extension beyond the normal range or motion, resulting in injury.
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abduction
moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body)
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adduction
Moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb front horizontal position to the side of the body). Levantando la pierna lateralmente.
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adduction
moving a part toward the midline (returning the leg back to the side of the body)
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rotation
moving a part around an axis. (twisting head from side to side)
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circumduction
Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand)
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pronation
Turning the hand so that the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position)
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supination
Turning the hand so that the palm is upward or facing anteriorly
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eversion
Turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally
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inversion
turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially
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retraction
Moving a part backward (pulling head backward)
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protraction
Moving a part forward (thrusting the head forward)
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elevation
raising a part. raising shoulders
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depression
lowering a part. dropping shoulders
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Composition of skeletal muscle
- muscle
- fascicles
- muscke fibers
- myofibrils
- thick and thin filaments
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facia
layers of dense connective tissue
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
stores calcium ions
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