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amcmullen
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Energy
The capacity to do work
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Entropy
Measure of how much the energy of a system is dispersed
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First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
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Kinetic Energy
The energy of motion
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Potential Energy
Stored Energy
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
Energy tends to disperse spontaneously
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Activation Energy
Minimum amount of energy required to start a reaction
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Endergonic
Describes a reaction that requires a net input of free energy to proceed
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Exergonic
Describes a reaction that ends with a net release of free energy
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Product
A molecule that remains at the end of a reaction
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Reactant
A molecule that enters a reaction
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Active Site
Of an enzyme, pocket in which substrates bind and a reaction occurs
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Catalysis
The acceleration of a reaction by a molecule that is unchanged by participating in the reaction
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Induced-Fit Model
The concept that substrate binding to an active site of an enzyme improves the fit between the two molecules
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Substrate
A molecule that is specifically acted upon by an enzyme
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Transition State
Point during a reaction at which substrate bonds reach their breaking point and the reaction will run spontaneously
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Allosteric
Describes a region of an enzyme that can bind a regulatory molecule and is not the active site
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Electron Transfer Chain
Array of enzymes and other molecules that accept and give up electrons in sequence, thus releasing the energy of the electrons in usable increments
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Feedback Inhibition
Mechanism in which a change that results from some activity decreases or stops the activity
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Metabolic Pathway
Series of enzyme-mediated reactions by which cells build, remodel, or break down an organic molecule
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Redox Reaction
Oxidation-reduction reaction, in which one molecule accepts electrons (it becomes reduced) from another molecule (which becomes oxidized)
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Antioxidant
Substance that prevents oxidation of other molecules
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ATP
The nucleotide adenosine triphosphate
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ATP/ADP cycle
Process by which cells regenerate ATP. ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate group, then ATP forms again as ADP gains a phosphate group
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Coenzyme
An organic molecule that is a cofactor
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Cofactor
A metal ion or a coenzyme that associates with an enzyme and is necessary for its function
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Phosphorylation
Transfer of a phosphate group from one molecule to another
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Metal Ions
- Iron
- Magnesium
- Manganese
- Zinc
- Selenium
- Copper
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Coenzymes
- NADH, NAD+
- NADP, NADPH
- FAD, FADH, FADH2CoA
- Heme
- Ascorbic Acid
- Biotin
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Adhesion Protein
Membrane protein that helps cells stick together in animal tissues
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Fluid Mosaic
Model of a cell membrane as a two-dimensional fluid or mixed composition
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Receptor Protein
Plasma membrane protein that binds to a particular substance outside of the cell
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Recognition Protein
Plasma membrane protein that identifies a cell as belonging to self (one's own body)
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Transport Protein
Protein that passively or actively assists specific ions or molecules across a memrane
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Concentration
Number of molecules or ions per unit volume
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Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration between adjoining regions of fluid
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Diffusion
Spontaneous spreading of molecules or ions in a liquid or gas
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Hypertonic
Describes a fluid that has a high overall solute concentration relative to another fluid
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Hypotonic
Describes a fluid that has a low overall solute concentration relative to another field
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Isotonic
Describes two fluids with identical solute concentrations
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Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in response to a concentration gradient
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Osmotic Pressure
Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid
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Turgor
Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall, membrane, or other structure that contains it
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Active Transport
Energy-requiring mechanism in which a transport protein pumps a solute across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient
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Calcium Pump
Active transport protein; pumps calcium ions across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient
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Passive transport
Mechanism by which a concentration gradient drives the movement of a solute across a cell membrane through a transport protein, requires no energy input
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Endocytosis
Process by which a cell takes in a small amount of extracellular fluid by the ballooning inward of its plasma membrane
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Exocytosis
Process by which a cell expels a vesicle's contents to extracellular fluid
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Phagocytosis
Cell eating; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris
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Pinocytosis
Endocytosis of bulk materials
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