AT-study

institution estimates they'll pay less money for medical expenses than they would spend on insurance premiums so they self-insure

• Medical or accident insurance that begins to pay for expenses as soon as the institution pays deductible
• The athlete's personal insurance is not used to pay medical bill related to athletics
• Institution pays for all

Medical or accident insurance that begins to pay for expenses only after all other sources of insurance coverage have been exhausted

• policyholders can choose any provider they want, but financial incentives exist when selecting providers identified by PPO
• No "gatekeeper" physicians

• Policyholders can only use those healthcare providers previously approved by insurance company
• Al care must be coordinated by primary physician who is "gatekeeper" for referral services

A legal wrong, other than breach of contract, for which courts provide remedy

action that violates legal duty

failure to act when a legal duty exists

following four points must be all substantiated: Existence of a duty, breach of duty, proximate cause, damage (injury)

• intentionally doing something legally or morally wrong which one had no right to do 
• Always involves dishonesty, illegality, or knowngly exceeding authority for improper reasons

• Performance of a lawful action in a wrongful or injurious manner
• Wrong or error committed by mistake, negligence or inadvertence, but not by intentional wrongdoing

Failure to do something that should be done or especially something that one is under a duty or obligation to do

• Direct force to globe
• Fx to medial wall
• Sx: mechanical difficulty with eye motion, numbness, sunken/retracted globe

• Blood in anterior chamber due to direct trauma to eye
• Sx: pain, photophobia, blurring vision, elevated intraocular pressure

Avascular necrosis of septal cartilage via repetitive trauma

• Proximal bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
• Distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

On the radial side of the elbow

on the ulnar side of the elbow

median nerve, flexor policus longus tendon, FDS tendons, FDP tendons

scaphoid

• Fx of distal radius/ulna secondary to FOOSH mech.
• Characterized by dorsal displacement of distal radius/ulna related to proximal shafts
• creates silver fork deformity

• volar displacement of distal radius/ulna related to proximal shaft
• occurs secondary to hyperflexion injury

axial loading of 1st metacarpal will cause shear fx at base of metacarpal

spaphoid- MOI compression against radius during FOOSH or axial loading during wrist EXT and RD

Lunate- caused by FOOSH or wrist hyperextention; lunate displaced in volar direction

• Ulnar collateral ligament injury involving 1st MCP joint
• Results from forced ABD and hyperextension

hyperextension deformity at PIP may cause hyper flexion at DIP joint due to tensioning of flexor tendons

• avulsion of flexor digitorum profundus tendon
• Occurs when distal phalanx is forcefully extended while finger is flexing
• With complete rupture patient will be unable to flex DIP joint while PIP joint is held in extension

• also known as baseball finger
• Rupture of distal extensor tendon
• Extended distal phalanx is suddenly and forcefully flexed
• May or may not include avulsion of bony fragment
• distal phalange is flexed

• Rupture of central slip of extensor digitorum tendon at insertion on middle phalanx; results in forced flexion of PIP joint
• deformity characterized by flexion of PIP and hyperextension of DIP (PIP will protrude through lateral bands of extensor hood)

tenosynovitis of APL and EPB tendons

• tenosnovitis of flexor tendon
• Results from repetitive trauma to flexor tendon sheath
• Tendon "catches" then "lets go" as moves through sheath, finger can be observed "snapping" as it is flexed

• In severe cases of muscle atrophy in thenar eminence resulting from prolonged inhibition of Meidan Nerve
• Extensor muscles draw thumb parallel to fingers and ability to oppose and flexion thumb are lost

includes from lateral to medial: biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve

• Lateral Epicondylitis
• Activities that stress wrist extensors and supinator muscle

• Medial epicondylitis
• Activities that stress wrist flexors and pronator muscle

Acromioclavicular ligament, Coracoclavicular ligament, Coracoacromial ligament

• Superior (SGHL)
• Middle (MGHL)
• Inferior (IGHL)
• Coracohumeral ligament

• limits inferior translation at 0 degrees
• Limits anterior and EX ROT at 45 degrees

limits EX ROT from 45-90 degrees

• Limits inferior translation above 90 degrees
• Anterior band= taut in EX ROT
• Posterior band= taut in IN ROT

• Limits inferior translation
• Helps limit EX ROT below 60 degrees

• Supraspinatus
• Infraspinatus
• Teres Minor
• Subscapularis

• Inserts on greater tuberosity
• Little force contributed to ABD
• Fires in early abduction to "set" HH and prevent migration superiorly

• Inserts on greater tuberosity
• Acts to EX ROT humerus (especially in elevation)
• Contracts eccentrically to slow the arm during throwing

• Inserts on greater tuberosity
• Acts to EX ROT humerus
• Contracts eccentrically to slow the arm during throwing

• Inserts on lesser tuberosity
• Acts to IN ROT humerus

• Superior Labral tear Anterior to Posterior
• labrum detaching from 10-2 o clock positions
• mild to moderate multi-directional instability results once biceps tendon detaches
• Acute onset:  superior compression force during FOOSH mechanism
• Chronic onset: repetitive microtrauma or inferior traction as a result of deceleration while throwing

• Traumatic detachment of anterior-inferior labrum
• Seen in over 85% of traumatic anterior dislocation
• Labrum detachment anywhere from 3-7 o'clock positions

• Atlas
• C0-C1 articulation primary motivation is flexion extension

• Atlas
• C1-C2 articulation allows for rotation

• "Network" formed by consecutive series of spinal nerves
• 5 spinal nerve roots: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

• rotation of the chin opposite the side of head tilt
• Congenital or acquired spasm of SCM muscle

• A burst fracture of C1 (atlas)
• results from compression (flexion)

• Bi-pedicular fx of C2 vertebrae
• Sudden deceleration
• Hyper extension --> primary car accidents/sports

• Controls motor function: voluntary muscles, relays outgoing messages
• Interprets sensory impulses: temp, touch pain and proprioceptions
• Controls mental functions: memory, reasoning, intelligence, learning and judgement

• Designed for quick info processing with cerebrum
• Controls fluid and synergistic motions (balance and coordination)

• Processing center for conscious and unconscious brain input
• regulates hormones, temp, hydration level, hunger and emotions

• relays info to and from CNS
• Regulates and controls involuntary systems (resp rate, HR, blood vessel diameter, coughing, vomiting)

• unequal pupils
• Sign of epidural hematoma formation

• arterial bleeding between skull and dura mater (rapid onset)
• may be briefly unconscious and sx of mild concussion

• venous bleeding between dura mater and membranes covering brain
• Delayed onset

• 12 ribs
• True: 1-7
• False: 8-10
• Floating: 11-12

• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas
• kidney
• lung

• Heart
• spleen
• kidney
• stomach
• lung

• Uerter
• bladder
• colon
• gonad

• appendix
• ureter
• bladder
• colon
• gonad