-
Climate in the Russian Domain?
continental midlatitudes
-
Only area of SW Central Asia capable of supporting agriculture
Fertile Triangle
-
Cultural core of the Russian Domain made of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine
Slavic Core
-
Widespread division of ethnic groups, subject to balkanization
ethnic shatterbelt
-
Today, the R.D. is characterized by ------- ethnic division (high or low?)
High
-
a newfound openness about everything, particularly government, that aimed to foster discussion and create a new economy in Russia; led/proposed by Gorbachev.
glasnost
-
attempt to restructure the economy by Gorbachev through glasnost, but backfired due to the undeniable honesty of the others involved--> ethnic groups within the RD verbally attacked Russian control
perestroika
-
Post-Soviet Union RD economy is entirely dependent upon -----
oil/petroleum resources
-
Russian Federation Treaty granted _______ to 21 Russian republics defined essentially along _____ lines.
-
Russian exclave on the Baltic Sea used to retain strategic control over the associated republics
Kaliningrad
-
Economic strategy of communist leaders in Russia during the Soviet Union that resulted in huge economic increases, but at significant human cost; also known as a command economy
Centralized economic planning
-
Today, overall agriculture employs about _____ percent of Russia's workforce
11
-
huge Russian natural gas company that employs over 300,000 people and controls 1/3 of the Earth's known natural gas reserves
Gazprom
-
Russia has _____ percent of the world's natural gas reserves
35
-
largest gas exporter worldwide; second largest oil exporter worldwide
Russia
-
primary destination of Russia's oil and gas supply exports?
western Europe
-
minor political subunits created in the former SU and designed to recognize the special status of minority groups within existing republics
autonomous areas
-
key central siberian railroad connection completed in the Soviet era, parallels the trans-siberian railroad
BAM railroad
-
a faction within the Russian communist movement led by Lenin that successfully took control of the country in 1917
Bolsheviks
-
an economic system in which the state sets production targets and controls the means of production
centralized economic planning
-
a Russian term for dark, fertile soil, often associated with grassland settings in southern Russia and Ukraine
chernozem soils
-
the ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union that was conducted between 1946 and 1991
Cold War
-
a loose political union of former Soviet republics established in 1992 after the dissolution of the SU
Commonwealth of Independent States
-
highly mobile Slavic-speaking christians of the southern Russian steppe who were pivotal in expandinf Russian influence in the 16th and 17th century Siberia
Cossacks
-
a Russian country cottage usd especially in the summer
dacha
-
the process whereby nuclear weapons are removed from an area and dismantled or taken elsewhere
denuclearization
-
a portion of a country's territory that lies outside its contiguous land area
exclave
-
a collection of Soviet-era labor camps for political prisoners, made famous by Russian writer
Gulag archipelago
-
a term coined by Churchill during the Cold War that defined the western border of Soviet power in Europe
Iron curtain
-
large, state-constructed urban housing projects built during the Soviet period in the 70s and 80s
milkrorayons
-
a program of partially implemented, planned economic reforms undertaken during the Gorbachev years in the SU designed to make the Soviet economy more efficient and responsive to consumer needs
perestroika
-
a cold-climate condition in which the ground remains permanently frozen
permafrost
-
a Russian term for an acidic soil of limited fertility, typically found in northern forest environments
podzol soils
-
a policy of the SU designed to spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas of the country
Russification
-
a group of peoples in eastern Europe and Russia who speak Slavic languages, a distinctive branch of the Indo-Euro language family
Slavic peoples
-
an artistic style once popular in the SU that was associated with realistic depictions of workers in their patriotic struggles against capitalism
socialist realism
-
the vast coniferous forest of Russia that stretches from the Urals to the Pacific Ocean. The main forest species are fir, spruce, and larch
taiga
-
key southern Siberian railroad connection completed during the Russian Empire that links Euro Russia with the Russian far East
Trans-Siberian Railroad
-
a Russian term for ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution
tsars
-
agricultural system created by Stalin in the SU, unified and nationalized agricultural production; led to stagnation in the country; gave families kitchen plots to crop on their own, but they sold what they produced instead of eating it-->failure
collectivization
-
reason for high migration of Russians returning to Russia?
Russification--moved to other places during the SU, then moved back when they were unwelcome/source of ethnic tension in their new home regions
-
Major environmental issue in Russian Domain caused by improper control of environmental treatment (wealthy people making decisions, not environmental experts); its use led to the Chernobyl accident; also caused by unregulated waste dumpage and using mines to test nuclear material
Soviet nuclear pollution
-
most clear-cut example of nuclear pollution; worst nuclear disaster in history, in 1986; killed thousands, and was covered up by the Russian government until pollution reached other countries
Chernobyl
-
area of high population density within Russian Domain, made up of an ethnic shatterbelt; population is concentrated in its foothills
Gets water from mountain runoff, and has the flatland terrain of the foothills to grow crops
During imperialism, many fled to try and save their culture, ended up here
Caucasus mountains
-
area of persistent cultural imperialism and tension within its territory, suffered civil war with Russians, under oppresive forced rule by Putin and Russian gov't
Chechnya
-
high division of ethnic groups subject to balkanization
ethnic shatterbelt
-
major pipelines of Russia run through the _____, ______, and _______ seas
Caspian, Black, Mediterranean
-
Russian Empire expansion has occurred mostly in the last ___ years
200
-
Reason for Stalin's building of industrial cities
to make weapons that could defend the SU in potential war
-
Reasons for low life expectancy in Russia
- poor health care
- environmental pollution
- alcoholism
-
violent, oppressive government within the Pashtun region of Afghanistan
in conflict with Pakistan
Taliban
-
largest ethnic group within Afghanistan
Pashtun
-
major economic contribution of Afghanistan? (80-90% of the world's supply comes from them)
heroin/opium
-
characteristics of Afghan ethnicity? (3)
fragmented, diverse, local-scale identities (clan, tribes)
-
not cohesive region itself, but very resistant to outside influence
buffer state
-
former major fishing site that is now dried up; separated into north and south sea chunks
Aral Sea
-
reasons for separation of Aral Sea? (4)
- cotton irrigation
- pollution
- high salt concentration
- stopped water flow
-
problems resulting from Aral Sea separation? (2)
- toxic dust storms
- peninsula created allows access of exotic wildlife and disease
-
Has the most control over the Aral Sea in Central Asia, refuses to let up on its abuse of water
Uzbekistan
-
Conflict between these two central Asian nations is high, as the SU set them up to be against each other on purpose. Territories are interspersed and under the others' control, ethnic differences are simply insurmountable
Armenia vs Azerbaijan
-
military alliance between Russia, China, Mongolia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgizstan, Kazakstan, etc. whose goal is to keep the US out of its border zones using a regional military bloc
Shanghai co-op organization
-
#1 killer in China
lung disease
-
countries of East Asia?
China, Taiwan, Korea (South and North), Japan
-
predominant form of Chinese
Mandarin
-
vital route to Chinese trade, has been in its possession for a long time
Silk Road
-
area of China made up of all Chinese language forms
East China
-
area of China made up of a mixture of non-Chinese/minority languages
West China
-
Region of economic prosperity in East Asia? Leading to huge econ disparity between the rural and urban populations
Coastal East
-
autonomous regions of Western China
Xinjiang, Tibetan Plateau
-
area of successful devolution in East Asia
Inner Mongolia
-
leader of Chinese communism
Chairman Mao
-
Period of change in China during the 1950s and 1960s, bottoming out experience in which everyone who was educated became a farmer, and those without education gained control over politics; education was frowned upon, and its quality decreased tremendously
-->Led to complete stagnation in the country
Cultural Revolution
-
Took over after Mao died in 1976, led modernization
Deng
-
China has evolved from a communist to _________ ________ state in the last few decades
capitalist fascist
-
location of Nationalists' retreat during the cultural revolution in 1949
Taiwan
-
-opponents of Communists and the cultural revolution who believed the rich should own and control things, and keep them as they are
-retreated to Taiwan during the rev'n, took land, gave it to farmers, and built their economy around modernization --> this put them into the globalized economy, and they became a modern democracy
Nationalists
-
land given back to China in 1997 from Europe, serves as China's window on the capitalist modern world
China leaves it alone in terms of control, and simply uses it to participate in the world economy
Hong Kong
-
largest economy in East Asia, 2nd largest economy in the world
large environmental diversity
very mountainous with very little flatland
Japan
-
Japan population compared to that of CA? (it is the same size as CA)
4x the population
-
Effects of dense population in tiny amount of flatland in Japan?? (4)
- Low agricultural potential
- High dependence on seafood diet
- Huge competition
- Expensive land
-
Major environmental hazard in Japan
Earthquakes
-
largest city in the world, at the center of 3 tectonic plates;
pins down the entire finances of the global economic system, on par with New York and London
High population density, lots of high-rise living
Tokyo
-
Centers of Japanese economic integration/urbanism (3)
- Tokyo
- Nagoya
- Inland sea areas
-
Highly reliant on trade because of its isolated location, with high levels of imports and exports
Small region with few resources and huge pop density
Highly dependent on the global economy
Connection/strong tension with Australia
Japan
-
autonomous region of East Asia that was caught up in the Cold War, split from a larger central nation, and is now a poverty-stricken, tightly-controlled communist country
North Korea
-
autonomous region of East Asia that was caught up in the Cold War, split
from a larger central nation, and is now a technological powerhouse in the global economy
South Korea
-
set of islands off East Asian coast that its countries own in order to drill its surrounding oil; center of high conflict
Spratly Islands
-
the "Indian Subcontinent", known as such by its natural and environmental distinctions
South Asia
-
region surrounded by mountains that separate it from the rest of Asia
South Asia
-
major environmental hazard in South Asia?
floods
-
reasons for flood potential in South Asia? (5)
lowlands + silt in the water + delta with overflow potential + hurricane potential + deforestation
-
Agricultural method of most South Asian residents?
Subsistence farming
-
climate of South Asia
tropical/subtropical
-
seasonal wind that runs South Asian climate, bringing wet air and heavy rain in the summer, and removing moisture/leaving dry air in the winter (winter is dominant)
monsoon
-
most of S. Asia's population is concentrated along the _____ River
Ganges
-
Area of S Asia that grows rice in its river valleys and supports a high population density
Ganges Valley/Bangladesh
-
Areas of S Asia that grow mostly wheat (2)
Indus Valley/Pakistan
-
language family that took successful control of most of subtropical India
Aryan
-
cultural group that remained strong against the Aryans, and still holds cultural dominance and control in the southern area of India
Dravidian
-
unifying characteristic of India/S. Asia
Religion (Hinduism)
-
areas of Islamic dominance in S. Asia? (3)
Pakistan, Bangladesh, and pockets of India
-
religious-based ethnic tension, prominent in India because religion is the main factor in identity and nationalism
leads to strong violent undercurrent between groups
Communal conflict
-
Location of border disputes between India and Pakistan, has been fought over since India gained independence
Worrysome because both are nuclear powers
Kashmir
-
location of high Buddhist concentration (Aryans) vs. Dravidian Hindus, armed resistance ended about a year ago
Sri Lanka
-
Economic geographical patterns in S. Asia (2)
- West $$$$ > East $
- Most are middle class people that work in an industrialized economy
-
reason that India is overlooked as an economic success despite its position in the modernized world?
poverty
-
______ million people in India are employed by high tech industries that are part of the globalized economy
60
-
biggest environmental concern in Southeast Asia?
deforestation
-
In SEA, high conflict exists between what religions?
Christianity (Indonesia) and Islam
-
term that characterizes SEA language?
ethnic shatterbelt
-
area in SEA of high foreign direct investment, city with country-level economic activity, highest FDI of all SEA cities and most countries
serves as SEA's doorway to the global economy for SEA, considered its entrepot
huge average GNI per capita (#s are similar to European states)
Singapore
-
huge ethnic differentiation in this region leads to high tension and conflic within SEA
Myanmar
-
entry/exit point in a region with high connections to the global economy, comes with everything necessary to trade with the world, incl. imports and exports
entrepot
-
what links Australia and Oceania together as a region?
shared English heritage
-
region of Australia characterized by geologic youth, volcanic activity, high economic potential because of fertile soils, good water sources, and room for tourism/trade
High islands
-
region of Australia characterized by geologic age, atolls, and low economic potential bc of poor soil, no water supply, and low trade/tourism potential
Low islands
-
original, non-European population of Australia, ignored/destroyed by the British
*efforts have been made to reclaim their lands, but with varying degrees of success
aborigines
-
original settlers of New Zealand, highly stable relationship with its later English settlers/stable agreement
Maoris
-
persistent Chinese influence through trends that cater to its tastes
Sinofication
-
system in India aimed at reducing poverty through the increased promotion of water buffalo husbandry
white revolution
-
Indian solution to poverty that promoted transition to cash crops
green revolution
-
social structure outlawed in India in 1949, but stigma of its distinctions are still widely prevalent, particularly in villages
caste system
-
a fan-shaped deposit of sediments dropped by a river or stream flowing out of a mountain range
alluvial fan
-
in the religion of Mahayana Buddhism, a spiritual being that helps others attain enlightment
Bohisvattva
-
a portion of a country's territory that lies outside its contiguous land area
exclave
-
a river that issues from a humid area and flows into a dry area otherwise lacking streams
exotic river
-
a fine, wind-deposited sediment that makes fertile soil but is very vulnerable to water erosion
loess
-
nomadic and sedentary peoples who rely upon livestock for their sustenance and livelihood
pastoralist
-
a harsh, Islamic fundamentalist political group that ruled most of Afghanistan in the late 1990s. Lost power in 2001, but remnant groups continue to fight against US-led forces in Afghanistan
Taliban
-
political state led by religious authorities
theocracy
-
a form of pastoralism in which animals are taken to high-altitude pastures during the summer, and returned to low-altitude pastures during the winter
transhumance
-
a landscape heavily transformed by humans
anthropogenic landscape
-
in the context of China, provinces that have been granted a certain degree of political and cultural autonomy, or freedom from centralized authority, owing to the fact that they contain large numbers of non-Han Chinese people
autonomous region
-
a theory used to explain the distribution of cities, and the relationships between different cities, based on retail marketing
central place theory
-
the eastern half of the country of CHina where the Han Chinese form the dominant ethnic group. The vast majority of China's population is located here.
China proper
-
the philosophical system developed by Confucius in the sixth century BCE
Confucianism
-
the scattering of a particular group of people over a vast geographical area
diaspora
-
the traditional Chinese and Korean practice of designing buildings in accordance with the principles of cosmic harmony and discord that supposedly course through the local topography
geomancy
-
a writing system in which each symbol represents not a sound but rather a concept
ideographic writing
-
an economic system in which the state has minimal involvement in which market forces largely guide economic activity
laissez-faire
-
a member of the high-level bureaucracy of Imperial China
Mandarin
-
the philosophy behind communism, has many variants, presumes the desirability of a socialist economic system run through a central planning agency
Marxism
-
the process of exporting industrial pollution and other waste material to other countries; can be direct or indirect
pollution exporting
-
a term applied to a series of lakes in the middle Yangtze Valley of China; take water during flood periods, and supply water during dry periods
regulatory lakes
-
regions of heavy industry that experience marked economic decline after their factories cease to be competitive
Rust Belt
-
the warrior class of traditional Japan
samurai
-
the amount of sand, silt, and clay carried by a river
sediment load
-
the true ruler of Japan before 1868, as opposed to the emperor, whose power was merely symbolic
Shogunate
-
a process by which certain classes of people grow richer when others grow poorer
social differentiation
-
a process by which certain places grow more prosperous while others become less prosperous
regional differentiation
-
relatively small districts in China that have been fully opened to global capitalism
Special economic zones
-
limited areas gained by Euro countries for trade purposes and more generally for economic exploitation and political manipulation
spheres of influence
-
a massive urban agglomeration that results from the coalescing of two or more formerly separate metropolitan areas
superconurbation
-
language in which the same set of basic sounds may have very different meanings depending on the pitch in which they are uttered
tonal language
-
private trade org that acted as arm of colonial Britain--backed by the British army--in monopolizing trade in S. Asia until 1857, when it was abolished and replced by full gov'tal control
British East India Company
-
complex division of South Asian society into different hierarchically ranked hereditary groups. Most explicit in Hindu society, but also found in other Cs
caste system
-
the currently preferred term used to denote the members of India's most discriminated-against caste groups, previously deemed "untouchables"
dalit
-
one of the earliest language families, NOT indo-euro, now found only in southern India and part of Sri Lanka
Dravidian language
-
states created in India upon independence in 1947 and drawn primarily along linguistic lines, so that today state power is often associated with specific ethnic groups within the nation
federal states
-
a capital city deliberately positioned near the international border of a contested territory, signifying the state's interest-and presence-in this zone of conflict
forward capital
-
a contemporary fundamental religious and political movement that promotes Hindu values as the essential and exclusive fabric of Indian society.
Hindu nationalism
-
the historical and contemporary propensity of Indians to migrate to other countries in search of better opps
Indian diaspora
-
religious group in S. Asia that emerged as a protest against orthodoz Hinduism about 6th c BCE, ethical core is the doctrine of noninjury to all living creatures
Jainism
-
promotion of one language over others that is, in turn, linked to shared notions of nationalism
linguistic nationalism
-
Regional Hindu royalty, usually a king or prince, who ruled specific areas of SA before independence, but who was usually subject to overrule by British colonial advisers
maharaja
-
the preeminent Islamic period of rule that covered most of SA during the early 16-late 17th cent. and attempted to unify both Muslims and Hindus into a large South Asian state. Dissolved by British in 1857
Mughal Empire
-
enhanced precipitation over uplands that results from lifting of air masses as they are forced over mountains
orographic rainfall
-
an Indian religion combining Islamic and Hindu elements, founded in the Punjab region in the late 15th cent. Holds long tradition of militarism
Sikhism
-
a large segment of land separated from the main land mass on which it sits by lofty mtns or other geog barriers, ie SA
subcontinent
-
the common name of the rebel forces in Sri Lanka that have been fighting over its army since 1983
Tamil Tigers
-
a supranational geopolitical group linking together the 10 different states of SEA
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
-
the name given to native Malay, who are given preference for jobs and schooling by the Malaysian gov't
Bumiputra
-
-
a system in which close friends of a political leader are either legally or illegally given business advantages in return for their political support
crony capitalism
-
a US geopolitical theory of the 1970s that stemmed from the assumption that if Vietnam fell to the communists, the rest of SEA would soon follow
domino theory
-
an area of N Thailand, Burma, and Loas that is known as a major souce region for heroin and is plugged into the global drug trade
Golden Triangle
-
"Red Cambodians", the left-wing insurgent group led by French-educated Marxists rebelled against the royal CaMBODIAN GOVERNMENT IN THE 1960S AND again in a peasants' revolt in 1967
Khmer Rouge
-
one of the two main epic poems of the Hindus religion, also commonly performed in the shadow puppet theaters of Java
Ramayana
-
migrants, with or without agricultural experience, who are transplanted by gov't relocation schemes
shifted cultivators
-
an extension of the continental shelf from the SEA mainland to the outlying islands; overlying sea is generally shallow
Sunda Shelf
-
form of cultivation/agriculture in which forested or brushy plots are cleared of vegetation, burned, and then planted to crops, only to be abandoned a few yrs later as soil fertility declines
swidden
-
the planned, govt-sponsored relocation of people from one area to another within a state territory
transmigration
-
large tropical storms, similar to hurricanes, that form in the western Pacific in tropical latitudes and cause widespread damage to the Philipphines and coastal SE and E Asia
typhoons
-
island groups, often oriented in an elongated pattern
archipelagos
-
an int'l group of Asian and Pacific Basin nations that fosters coordinated economic development within the region
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Group (APEC)
-
low, sandy islands made from coral, often oriented around a central region
atoll
-
an agreement signed in 1982 btwn Australia and New Zealand designed to eliminate all economic and trade barriers between the 2 countries
Closer Economic Relationship (CER) Agreement
-
light-skinned Europeans or US citizens in the Hawaiian Islands
haoles
-
a supply of magma that produces a chain of mid-ocean volcanoes atop a zone of moving oceanic crust
hot spots
-
Melanesian workers imported to Australia, historically often concentrated along Queenslands "sugar coast"
kanakas
-
a tough and scrubby eucalyptus woodland of limited economic value that is common across portions of interior Australia
mallee
-
Pacific Ocean region that includes the culturally complex, generally darker-skinned peoples of New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanatu, New Caledonia, and Fiji
Melanesia
-
Pacific Ocean region that includes the culturally diverse, generally small islands north of Melanesia, includes Mariana Islands, Marshall Islands, and Federated States of Micronesia
Micronesia
-
usually independent states that are small in both area and population
microstates
-
Australian legislation signed in 1993 that provides Aborigines with enhanced legal rights over land and resources within the country
Native Title Bill
-
a major world subregion that usually includes New Zealand and the major islands of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia
Oceania
-
Australia's large, generally dry, and thinly settled interior
Outback
-
a version of English that also incorporates elements of other local languages, often utilized to foster trade and basic communication btwn different C groups
Pidgin English
-
Pacific Ocean region, broadly unified by language and cultural traditions, that includes the Hawaiian Islands, Marquesas Islands, Society Islands, Tuamotu Archipelago, Cook Islands, American Samoa, Samoa, Tonga, and Kiribati
Polynesia
-
cultures that have yet to be contacted and influenced by the Western world
uncontacted peoples
-
grape cultivation
viticulture
-
before 1975, a set of stringent Australian limitations on nonwhite immigration to the county. largely replaces by a more flexible policy today.
White Australia Policy
-
Central Asia's core highland area; a complex tangle of ranges located where Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, and Tajikistan converge. Several distinct ranges radiate outward from here in various directions.
Pamir Knot
-
now an autonomous region of China known as Xizang
Tibet
-
a fertile and strategically important land shared by Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Fergana Valley
-
Ctrl Asian group noted for its traditional economy based on transhumance?
Kyrgyz
-
While Russian became the lingua franca of western Central Asia during the Soviet era, the emerging language of choice is ______
Uzbek
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