Human Physiology

- tissues

• - organs.
• - Ex: skin, liver, hear, gallbladder, and intestines.

- organ systems

• - allows movement and locomotion.
• - the muscular system helps you make body movements and supports the body in its activities.

• - help move the bones.
• - they are attached to the bone by bands of tissue called tendons.
• - it work in pairs; when one muscle of the the pair contracts. the other muscle relaxes.

- found in the heart.

- found in some of your internal organs, such as your intestines and bladder.

• - is a living system that provides shape and support to your body.
• - it supports and protects the body and body parts, produces blood cells, and stores minerals.

• - the skeleton might be on the outside.
• - Ex: grasshopper (in lower animal)

• - endoskeleton.
• - muscles are on the outside of the endoskeleton.

- the skeleton and muscles functions together.

- calcium and phosphorus.

- are bone-forming cells.

- places where your bones come together

- joints are held together by bands of tissue.

• - ball and socket joints, like shoulder and hip.
• - pivot joints, like the elbow.
• - hinge joints, like the knee.

• - or skin, is your outermost protective layer.
• - the skin is the largest organ in your body.

- sweat glands.

• - epidermis is the outer, thinner layer of skin.
• - the next layer is the dermis, containing blood vessels, nerves, muscles, oil and sweat glands.
• - underneath the dermis is a layer of fat.

• - skin gets it color from melanin.
• - people with different color skin have different amounts of melanin.
• - the darker the skin, the more melanin the skin has.

• - breathing is the physical action of moving the diaphragm up and down, which allows air to enter our lungs.
• - respiration is how our bodies use the oxygen from the air we inhale and eliminate the carbon dioxide when we exhale.

• - is waves of muscle contractions.
• - the stomach mixes the food by a process called peristalsis.

- is a long tube with muscles that contract and move the food to the stomach.

• - is composed of vessels and muscles that control the flow of blood around body.
• - the process of blood around the body is called circulation.

- heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins.

• - coronary circulation
• - pulmonary circulation
• - systemic circulation

• - the circulation of blood within the heart itself by the coronary veins and arteries.
• - if this circulation is blocked, it could result in a hear attack.

- flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back.

- is the blood (with oxygen) moving through your body to your important organs.

• - are shaped like disks and contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• - it does have a nucleus.

- cell fight bacteria, viruses, and other intruders in your body.

• - cell frgments
• - are carried along with the red and white blood cells.
• - it plug holes in small blood vessels to stop bleeding.

• - A, B, AB, and O.
• - people with type O blood are called universal donors.
• - people with AB are called universal receivers.

• - is composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and certain organs.
• - the system absorbs excess fluids from the body and return them to the bloodstream.

- tonsils, the thymus, and the spleen. (page 139)

- which are a type of white blood cell that tries to destroy disease-causing organisms.

- pathogens.

- your skin and your respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems.

- molecules that foreign to your body.

• - antibodies.
• - an antibodies are made in response to a specific antigen.

- can cure some bacterial disease, but not viral diseases.

- are specifically fight a disease.

• - remove waste.
• - it removes undigested material through the digestive system by way of the large intestine.
• - it removes waste gases through the circulatory and respiratory systems.
• -it removes salts through the skin when we sweat.
• - it removes excess water and waste through the urinary system.

- responsible for maintaining the fluid levels in our bodies.

- they are two bean-shaped organs that are responsible for filtering blood that contains waste from the cells.

- coordinates and control such actions as memory, learning, and conscious thought.

• - largest organ in the nervous system.
• - brain have three major parts: cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.

- largest part of the brain; it takes care of our thinking processes.

- cortex.

• - the second-largest part of he brain.
• - its job is to coordinate our muscle movements and maintain normal muscle tome and posture.
• - Ex: balance while walking, riding a bike...

- spinal cord.

• - midbrain
• - pon
• - medulla

- coordination various parts of the brain so that it acts together.

- coordinated our heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and the reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccuping.

• - regulates thirst, hunger, body temperatures, water balance, and blood pressure.
• - links the nervous system to the endocrine system.

- central nervous system.

• - the nerves outside the central nervous system.
• - it has two parts: somatic system and the autonomic system.

- control voluntary movements, like walking, running, and swiveling your hip.

- controls involuntary movements, such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion...

- secrete hormones that regulate body metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

• - stimulates the growth of muscles and bones
• - stimulates the growth of reproductive organs.
• - stimulates the thyroid gland.
• - stimulates the secretion of milk.
• - helps the kidneys to absorb water.
• - stimulates the adrenal cortex.

- regulates metabolism.

- increases the concentration of calcium in the blood.

- helps the kidneys absorb water and sodium.

- get the body ready for strenuous activity by increasing the concentration of blood sugar.

- regulates the amount of sugar in the blood.

• - people have trouble seeing distant objects.
• - can have their vision corrected with a concave lens.

• - people have trouble seeing things that are close up.
• - their vision corrected with a convex lens.

• - different forms of a gene.
• - Ex: the allele from your mother might be for blond hair and the allele for your father might be for black hair.
• - some alleles are dominant and some are recessive.
• - the dominant allele will dtermine what traits actually become part of you.

- an organism that has two allele that are the same such BB or bb

- an organism that has one allele that is dominant and one that is recessive, such as Bb.

- a device to determine the probability that an offspring will have a certain characteristic.

• - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins (organic).
• - minerals and water (inorganic)
• - organic means the substance contains carbon.

- helps growth, use of carbohydrates, red blood cell production, and development of a healthy nervous system.

- helps in growth, eyesight, and healthy skin.

- helps in the formation of cell membranes.

- helps in growth, good bones and teeth, and wound healing.

- helps in absorption of calcium and phosphorus in bone and teeth.

- helps with the clotting of blood and wound healing.

- creates strong bones and teeth, good muscle, and nerve activity.

- creates strong bones and teeth, regulates contraction of muscles.

- regulates water balance in cells, muscle contraction, nerve impulsive conduction.

- regulates fluid balance in tissues, nerve impulsive conduction.

- transports oxygen in red blood cells.

- controls thyroid activity, metabolic stimulation.