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What is the definition of psychology?
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
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What is the scientific method?
Orderly systematic procedures that researchers follow as they identify a problem, create a study, collect data,draw conclusions, and tell their findings.
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What is a theory?
General principle or set of principles proposed to explain how seperate facts are related.
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What is a hypothesis?
Prediction about a relationship between two or more variables.
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WHy does one design a study?
TO test the hypothesis.
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WHy does one collect data?
To collect data relevant to the hypothesis.
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What is replication?
Repeating a study with different people and different investigator to verify findings.
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What are the goals of psychology?
To describe, explain, predict, and influence.
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In relation to to the goals of psychology, what is Description?
describe behavior or mental processes as accrately as possible.
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In relation to to the goals of psychology, what is explanation?
To suggest causes for behavior or mental preocesses of interest
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In relation to to the goals of psychology, what is prediction?
Specifying conditions under which behavior or mental processes is likely to occur.
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In relation to to the goals of psychology, what is influence?
applying a principle or a change of condition in order to prevent unwanted occurrences or bring about desired outcomes.
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What is basic research?
Research conducted to seek knowledge and o explore and advance general scientific understanding
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What is applied research?
Research conducted to solve practical problems and improve quality of life.
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Who was the "father of psychology"?
Wilhelm Wundt
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What is introspection?
Involves looking inward to examine one's own conscious experience and then reporting it.
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Who thought of structuralism?
Edward Titchener.
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What is structuralism?
first formal school of thought in psychology, analyzed basic elements of the conscious mental experience.
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What was wrong with Structuralism and introspection?
Both involved a person examining their own conscious state so they were not objective.
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Why was structuralism so important?
It established psychology as a science since they insisted that mental processes could be measured and studied through the scientific process.
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What is functionalism?
Field of psyhcology concerened with how humans and animals use mental processes in adapting to their environment
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Who was functionalism influenced by?
Who was functionaisms main advocate?
- Charles Darwin
- William James
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Who was Christine Ladd-Franklin?
She was a psychologist who completed requirements for her Ph.D but had to wait 40 years to get her degree.
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Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
COmpleted requirements for degree but harvard refused to give it to her.
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Who is Margaret Floy Washburn?
Receved Ph. D from Cornell University
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Who is Francis Cecil Sumner
Father of African American psychology, first african american to earn a ph.D
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Who was Albert Sidney Becham?
African American who studies inteeligence and occupation
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Who was Kenneth Clark?
He wrote on influence of racial segregation and helped the Supreme Court to end segregation in schools.
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Who was George Sanchez?
Saw that cultural and language barriers work against hispanic students when taking IQ test.
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What is the fastest growing group of Psychologists?
Native and asian americans
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Which group receives more ph.d's in the field of psychology today?
Women
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What is Naturalistic Observation?
Research observe behavior in natural setting without influencing or controlling it.
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What are the problems with Naturalistic observation?
- Observer Bias - Observer may see what they want to see
- Must wait for behavior to occur.
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What is a Lab Study?
A study in a lab that setting that allows more control and use of instrumentation.
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What is the problem with lab observation?
The client may behave differently in a lab setting.
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What is a Case Study?
A group of people are studied over an extended time using observations, interviews, or psychological testing.
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What are the limitations of a Case Study?
- Causes of behavior are difficult to establish
- Observer bias
- Hard to apply research to a larger group or different culture
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What is survey research?
Interview or questionnaires used to gather info.
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What is the difference between a sample and a representative sample?
A sample is a piece of the population that is studied in order to research conclusions about the entire population, a representative sample is a sample that mirrors only the population of interest and is proportionate to the population.
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What are the two experimental methods?
- The correlational method
- The experimantal method
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what does a neuron contain?
- Cell body (Soma)
- Dendrites
- Axons
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What does the cell body (Soma) do?
Contains the nucleus and carries out metabolic functions of the neuron
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What are dendrites?
They are the branchlike extensions of theneuron and receives info and sends it to other neurons.
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What is the Axon?
The slender tail-like extension of the neuron, that transmits signals to the dendrites of other neurons, muscles, glands, and other parts.
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What are Afferent Neurons?
Sensory neurons that relay senses to the brain and spinal cord
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What are Efferent Neurons?
Motor Neurons that send info from the Central Nervous system to the glands and muscles
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What are the divisions of the Central Nervous system?
- Central nervous system - brain and spinal cord
- Pereipheral Nervous system - connects brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body.
- Spinal Cord - Extension of the brain that controls simple reflexes and transmits messages
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What is inside the hindbrain?
- Pons
- Medulla
- reticular Formation
- Cerebellum
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What do the POns do?
relay info between the cerebellum and the motor cortex and infulence sleep and dreaming
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What does the Medulla do?
Controls heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure swallowing and coughing
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What does the reticular formation do?
Arousal system and activates the cerebral cortex
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What does the Cerebellum do?
- Coordinates skilled movement
- Regulates muscle tone and posture
- Role in motor learning and probably cogntion
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What is inside the forebrain?
- Thalamus
- Limbic System
- Corpus collosum
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What is the thalamus?
Relay station between cerebral cortex and lower brain.
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What is the limbic system?
Group of structures invovled in emotion, memory, and motivation
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What is the Corpus callosum?
band of nerve fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres
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What are the subdivisions of the Perihperal Nervous system?
- Somatic nervous system
- Autonomic Nervous System
- Sympathetic Nervous System
- Parasympathetic Nervous System
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What is the somatic nervous sytem?
All the sensory and motor neurons that transmit to the brain that make it possible to sense envrionment
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What is the autonomic Nervous System?
Nerves that send involuntary messages between brain and body parts.
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What is the Sympathetic Nervous System?
Mobilizes body during distress and emergencies, prepares body for action
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What is the parasympathetic nervous system?
Brings body back down from to normal after emergency
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What are the four lobes in each brain hemisphere?
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
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What does the split brain operation treat and do?
Used to treat severe epilopsy, seperates each hemisphere so that the other side of the brain will not be harmed.
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What is Broca's Aphasia?
Inability to produce speech sounds or an impairment to produce them.
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What does the Parietal Lobe do?
Contains the somatosensory cortex where touch pressure, temperature, and pain register and is responsible for body awareness and spatial orientation.
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What is the Occipital Lobe?
Contains the primary visual cortex and is involved in reception and interpretation of visual information
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What is the temporal lobe?
Contains the primary auditory cortex, receives and interprets auditory info.
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What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
Person can speak but does not make sense to listener
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What is Brain Plasticity?
Capacity of the brain to adapt to changes
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What happens to the brain as we get older?
As we age the brain gains and loses synapses, in adulthood the losses outweigh the gain
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What type of brain matter do men have more of than women?
White
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Men have less white matter in which hemisphere?
Left
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What is special about womens brains
They have equal amounts of both white and gray matter in each hemisphere
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What is an EEG?
electroencephalogram, records brain waves with an electroencephalograph.
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What is a beta wave associated with?
Mental or physical activity
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What is an alpha wave associated with?
Deep relaxation
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What is a delta wave associated with?
Deep sleep
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What is a CT scan?
Computerized Axial Terminal, uses a rotating computerized x-ray tube to process cross sections of the brain.
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What is an MRI?
Magnetic Resonance Imaging, diagnostic scan of the brain that shows structures
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What is a PET scan?
Position emission Tomography, reveals activity in various parts based on blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption.
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What is an fMRI?
Functional Magnetic ressonance imaging, reveals both structure and activity more precisely and rapidly than a PET.
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What is a SQUID?
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device, shows magnetic changes produced by neurons when they fire
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What is an MEG?
Magnetoencephalogram, shows neurons firing and neural activity as it happens.
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What is Sensation?
Process where senses pick up sensory stimuli and send to the brain
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What is perception?
Process where sensory info. is organized and interpreted by the brain.
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What is JND?
Just Notceable Difference, smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect half the time.
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What is absolute threshold?
minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected half the time.
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What is Transabduction?
When sensory receptors convert stimulation into a neural impulse.
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What is sensory adaptation?
When sensory receptors become accustomed to constant levels of stimuli.
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What are the parts of the eye?
Retina, lens, Cornea, pupil, rods, cones, fovea, iris
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What is the Pupil?
small opening at center of eye
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What is the cornea?
Protective layer hat covers eye and bends light rays inward.
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What is the Iris?
colored portion of eye that controls how much light is let in
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What is the lens?
disc shaped structure that changes shape to focus on distant objects
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What is the retina?
Layer of tissue that's on te inner surface of eye and contains rods and cones
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What are rods?
Lender cylinders that allow eyes to respond to low light
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What are cones?
enable humans to see color and fine detail but do not function in very dim light.
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What is the fovea?
Small area at center of retina where vision is sharpest
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How is sound transmitted?
Needs a medium to transmit through, such as liquid, gas, or solid.
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What is amplitude?
How loud a sound is measured in decibels
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What is Frequency?
the pitch of a sound determined by hertz
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What is the middle ear?
Part of the ear that contains the ossicles and connects the ear drum to the oval window and amplifies sound waves.
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What are the Ossicles?
Stirrup, anvil, footplate, and hammer
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What is in the inner ear?
Cochlea and hair cells
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What is cohclea?
fluid filled snail shaped bony chamber that contains the basilar membrane and hair cells.
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What are hair cells?
They are the receptors for sound
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What is the scientific name for smell?
Olfaction
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What are the olfactory epithium?
2 one inch squares of tissue at the top of each nasal cavity
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What is smell linked to?
Memory
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What are the five basic tastes?
- Sweet
- Salty
- bitter
- Sour
- Umami
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What is the scientific name for touch?
Tactile
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What is the largest sense organ?
Skin
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What control balance and movement?
- Kinesthetic sense
- Vestibular sense
- Semicircular canals
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What are the gestalt principles of perception?
- Figure-ground
- Similarity
- proximity
- continuity
- closure
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What are the perceptual constancies?
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What influences our perception?
- attention
- unattentional blindness
- cocktail part phenomenon
- focus
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What are the depth cues that help with depth perception?
- Binocular depth cues
- monocular depth cues
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What is consciousness?
everything we are aware of at any given time
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what is an altered state of consciousness?
changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, and drugs
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What is a circadian rhythm?
in a 24 hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors
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What is the restorative theory of sleep?
sleep restores body and mind, restores energy and consolidates memory
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What is the circadian theory of sleep?
Sleep evolved to keep humans out of harms way during night time
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What is a parasomnia?
sleep disturbances where you do things that normally occur while you awake
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What are sleep terrors?
Sleeper awakens in state of panic
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What are nightmares?
Frightening vivid dreams usually remembered
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What is a dysomnia?
sleep disorder where timing, quantity, or quality is impaired
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What is narcolepsy?
Incurable sleep disorder where person is attacked by REM sleep during the day with uncontrollable drowziness
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What is sleep apnea?
Occurs during sleep when the individual stops breathing and must wake up to continue breathing
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What is Insomnia?
difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, or sleep is light restless or poor in quality
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What is hypnosis?
where one person uses the power of suggestion to induce changes of thousht, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person
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What is the Sociocognitve theory of hypnosis?
behavior of hypnotized is a function of that person's expectation
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What is the Neodissociation theory of hypnosis?
induces a split between two aspects of the control of consciousness
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What is Dissociated control theory of hypnosis?
an authentic altered state of consciouness in which the control over other subsystems of consciousness is weakened
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