Science Final exam vocab

the strong, lower part of the mantle between the asthenosphere and the outer core

the thin and solid outermost layer of the Earth above the mantle

the solid outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

the central part of the Earth's below the mantle also center of the sun

the part of the Earth where life exists

the layer of rock between Earth's crust and core

a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet or moon

a system in which energy, but not matter is exchanged with the surroundings

the portion of the Earth that is water

the mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust w

a system in which both matter and energy are exchanged with the surroundings

the way in which a mineral reflects light

the tendency of a mineral to break into irregular, uneven surfaces

the color of a mineral in powdered form

inorganic solid with characteristics chemical composition and physical properties

the tendancy of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces

the measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching

the ratio of the mass of a substances's mass to its volume

rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies

rock formed from the cooling and solidification of magma beneath the earth's suface

rock that forms from the cooling and solidification of lava at Earth's surface

magma or igneous rock that is rich in feldspars and silica and that is generally light in color

magma or igneous rock that is rich in magnesium and iron and that is generally dark in color

the process in which the volume and porosity of a sediment is decreased by the weight of overlying sediments

the process in which minerals precipitate into pore spaces between sediment grains and bind sediments together to form rock

rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together

the rock texture in which mineral grains are not arranged in planes or bands

a change in the texturem structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma

the process in which one type of rock changes into metamorphic rock because of chemical processes or changes in temperature and pressure

the rock texture in which mineral grains are arrainged in planes or bands

a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temperature and pressure over a large area

the simplified pattern that illustrates the order in which minerals crystalize from cooling magma according to their chemical composition and melting point

the series of processes in which rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geologic processes

the process by which new oceanic lithosphere move

undersea mountain range

magnetic field that points south

the supercontinent that formed 300 million years ago

the hypothesis that continents were once joined and then broke apart

the theory that explains how large pieces of the lithosphere move

a mixture of gases primarily nitrogen, oxygen, and argon, that surrounds the earth

the lowerst layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases; weather conditions exist here

the layer of the atmosphere in which temperature increases as altitude increases

the coldest layer of the atmosphere, between the stratosphere and the thermosphere in which temperture decreases as the altitude increases

the uppermost layer of the atmosphere, includes the ionosphere