Bio 1406.txt

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• fileName "Bio 1406"
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• Molecules and Compounds are formed by?
• Chemical bonds or bonding

Ionic and Covalent

Ionic bonds completely transfer electrons to eachother

Bonds btwn molecules or parts of molecules

• Proteins
• Lipids
• Carbohydrates
• Nucleic Acids

Btwn charged potions of molecules (NOT ATOMS)

• Peptide
• Phospodiester linkage
• Ester linkage
• Glycosidic linkage

Builds structures up

Tears them down

• Endergonic
• Exergonic

• Condensation/dehydration
• Hydrolysis

Needs input of energy

Spontaneous,will go without energy

Bond together w/ peptide bond to form polymers

Condensation/dehydration

Peptide bonds

Few peptides (less than 50)

Many peptides ( more than 50)

• Oligopeptide
• Polypeptide

1. Diversity of structure- shape related function

2. Reactivity of R-group ( side-chains)

• Primary structure
• Secondary structure
• Tertiary structure
• Quaternary structure

Its amino acid sequence. ( even small changes,from mutation, have radical differences)

Formed by H-bonds between Carboxyl group and Amino

• (Alfa) ok -helix(spiral shape)
• (Bada) b-pleated sheet ( reverse stairs )

Due to interaction between R-groups causes bends and folds proteins distinctive 3-D shape,its unique overal shape

2 polys

4 polys

1-3 degree tertiary structure due to polypeptides. Also many prots have several polypeptides bonded together to form a single structure

Illness created by miss folding. Can be airborne. Ex mad cow

Build up by miss folding. Ex alsymers

Determines final shape . So a proteins unique function tied to its folding.

It cannot perform its function. The structure will unfold. Ex what happens when body temp gets to high

• Insulin
• Throxin
• Growth Hormone ( GH )

Carbon

Only 4 electrons on outer ring which allows it to bind ti many different compounds and molecules

Carbroxyl group

Amino group

We will see a positive or negative vharge

Covalent bonds and they are stronge

Polymerzation forms: macro molecules

Which amino acid goes where. This is how family illnesses are passed on

Varbon group of one A.A. ti amino group

Amino acids: (building block ) monomers

Biological catalysts

• 1)Speed up chemical reaction
• 2)Lower amounts of energy needed
• 3)Enables life processes to occure at moderate temperatures

Life

Makes reaction occurr faster

Non-polar and hydrophobici but dissolve in non polar org. Liquids

Always the same

Chewing breaks down the food, the food goes to stomach and the enzymes activate the amino acids and protein to digests the food

• 1) Saturated fats
• 2) Unsaturated fats
• 3) Monounsaturated fats
• 4) Polyunsaturated fats
• 5) Trans fats
• 6) Partially-hydrogenated fats

saturated with hydrogen usually solud at room temp

Double bonded with carbon (c=c)

One double bond (c=c). Ex olive oil

More than one double bond between carbons (c=c=c)

Partially-hydrogenated ( oils/fats)

The substrates cannot bind when a regulatory molecule binds to the enzymes site

The active site becomes available to the substrates when a regulatory molecule binds to a different site on the enzyme

Reactants bind to the active site forming an enzyme substrate complex

Interaction between enzyme and substrates lower the activation energy required

Products have lower affinity for active sites and are released. Enzyme is uncharged after reaction

• 1) gliceride
• 2) fatty acids

3

Triglysoral

Fats are lipids

Fats, steroids, phospholipids

Hydrophobic

• 1)Aggression
• 2)Less social
• 3)Less conversation
• 4)Sex drive is high with higher levels of testosterone

• 1) more communication
• 2) More social
• 3) more tolerant

The nest building hormone

Lipid deposition

Ester linkages

Single fat molescule

• 1) by length of carbon " skeleton "
• 2) by amount of H's the carbon skeleton is bonded to

Class of lipids - (hormones)

• 1) testosterone
• 2) estrogen
• 3) predenesone

• 1) cortisone
• 2) predenesone

Phospholipids

1) 2 fatty acids ( domains: Bacteria and Eurkarya)

2) 2 isoprene tail ( domain: Archaea) has a water loving head

Heads are spontaneously align so " heads" face out to liquid solution always

1) Form Membrane: plasma membrane

2) stores chemical energy: fuel secondary

3) signals between cells ( hormones )

4) insulation/packing medium (or in animals keeps heat in)

5) water proof coating - leaves, skin: waxy skin of cactus keeps water in or out)

6) acts as pigments : capture / respond sunlight

7) act as vitamins;

A, E the ones that can kill u

• 1) monosaccharides
• 2) disaccharides
• 3) polysaccharides

Starches stored in foots a reserve for trees on a rainy day

Glycogen: what humans use to store energy in the liver

Cellulose: most abundant organic compound. "Fiber" " rufage"

Chitin: skeleton of insects and arthropodz

Peptidoglycan: need structural support in bacterial cell

• Sugars
• glucose
• Galactose
• Fructose

• Suctose
• Maltose
• Lactos

Location of carbonyl group ( on C chain)

Number of C's ( each number consecutively starting with end nearest carbonyl group)

Spatial arrangement of their molecules

Exist in linear or ring forms

• 3-C: Triose
• 5-C: Pentoses
• 6-C: Hexose

Condensation

Glycosidic linkage

• Glycose
• Lactose
• Starches
• Galstose

• Cellulose
• Chitin
• Peptidedoglycan

Eex organ transplant,

Carbohydrates

Nucleotides

Phosodiester linkage

• DNA
• RNA
• ATP ( FUEL MOLECULES)

1st to observe cells on a cork

Observed pond dwellers single celled

Observed plants cells

Unified study of life into biology

• Strepococcus
• Staphylococ us
• Listeria
• Salmonella
• MRSA

Peptidolican

Carbohydrate

Phiosolipids

Single which is a super coil - attend to cell heatbrate

Plasmids small dots on inside

Bacteria will share plasmids with neighboring bacteria

Site of protein synthesid ( but differ from eukaryotic ribosomes)

Many bacterial species exhibit these made of protein due to moveabilitt

Cell walls seen in fungi and some protists

Cellulose

Chitin

Limits size of living cell and prevents rupturing after large uptake of h2o. Maintains size of all

Yes they have a fluid mosaic - many different things to make up a whole

Primary - phospholipid bilayer

• Proteins
• Cholesterol
• Glyoproteins

Receptors ( hormones, enzymes ): functions ato activate many things but must find the correct key for lock

Increases strength of membrane ( decreases fluidity )

Decreases permeability

Carbohydrate attached to proteins

Controls the passage way of material substances into and out of the cell

Semipermeable

• Ribosomes
• Nucleus

Organelles

Amino acids

Usually millions

In cytoplasm

On rough ER ( endoplasmic romedium)

Stores genetic material: DNA/ chromatin/ chromosomes

• Nuclear envelope
• Nuclear lamina

Many pores that link it to the nuclear lamina

Fibrous proteins that form a lattice like sheet. Which helps maintain the shape of the envelop

Membranous, often continues with nuclear envelope

Synthesis and transport of compounds/ substances

Complex, 3-D, membrane system

• Rough ER
• Smooth ER

Ribosomes provide grainy look

Involved with production of proteins (for cell membranes, those to be secreted an moved to lysosomes ( enzymes )) and transport them

Involved with production of lipids

Breaks down toxic lipids

Lipids - phospholipids, fatty acids, steroids

Golgi Complex

Flattened membranous vesicles

Golgi body

Vesicles

Stacks

Proteins are finished and packaged in membranous vesicle fore storage/ secretion

Go in to luman than get tagged and released

A vein

2

Rods

Digestive enzymes

Destroy cells/ waste to monomers then monomers are recycled

Hydrolysis

Provides structure to plants

Taking in water and pressing against cell wall forcing it in place

To prevent cosumption

Medications like blood pressure

Alkaline compounds

2 outer membranes

• Inner - matrix
• Outer - cristae

Brain and muscles

Mitchondria have there own DNA code

Cellular resperation breaking apart glucose to make cellular food (ATP)

Bacteria

Bacteria

Circular chromosones

Ribosomes which carry their own protein synthesis

They came from a bacteria engulfed by a cell and instead of being broken down it remained and became mutually beneficial

Richettsia

Our mothers

We can trace our family tree back to one of the 7 women