Biology 180 Chapter 4

• Organic molecules- molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen

• – If just Hydrogen and Carbon=hydrocarbon
•      • Energy-rich bonds (fuel)
•      • Non-polar (electrons evenly distribute)

– May also be bound most commonly to oxygen,nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

• • Carbons can form 4 covalent bonds
•       – Carbon-carbon bonds store a lot of energy
• • Major component of
•       – Fossil fuel
•       – Body fat
• • Shape can be linear, branched, single or double bonds, or rings
• • Completely non-polar
•       – Hydrophobic

• Same number of each atom but different arrangements of those atoms

• Three kinds

– 1. Structural- differ in covalent arrangement of atoms

– 2. Cis-trans- same covalent relationship butdiffers in arrangement on a double bond

– 3. Enantiomers- differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon

• L (levo) vs. D (dextro)

Differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon,resulting in molecules that are mirror images,like left and right hands.

– Components of an an organic molecule that are reactive

– Attachments that replace the hydrogen on the hydrocarbon skeleton

– Examples you should be able to draw and/or recognize

• Hydroxyl, Carbonyl (including ketones andaldehydes), Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfydryl, Phosphate

OH

if alone, it will make the organic molecule an alcohol

polar, make an organic compound hydrophilic (water soluble)

• -contains a carboxyl group C=O
• -found within a hydrocarbon skeleton
• -polar, make a compound hydrophilic

• -contains a carboxyl group
• -found at the end of a hydrocarbon chain
• -polar, hydrophilic

• Non-ionic has an OH
• Ionic does not have OH

• -Acidic
• -Ionize reversibly
• -Ionic, hydrophilic

• -Basic
• -Ionize reversibly
• -ionic, hydrophilic

• -makes thiols
• -two sulfhydryls can form a covalent bond with each other=disulfide bone
• -polar, hydrophilic (important in protein structure)

• -acidic
• -ionize resersilby
• -ionic, hydrophilic
• (a component in DNa and ATP)