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Projections for sinuses:
Caldwell, Waters, LAT, SMV
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Caldwell positioning:
-OML up 15* @ nasion
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Anatomy seen on Caldwell:
- frontal and ethmoid sinuses
- pyramids fill lower 1/3
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Waters positioning:
-MML @ acanthion
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Anatomy seen on Waters:
Maxillary sinuses above pyramids
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LAT positioning sinuses:
IOML @ midway b/w outer canthus and EAM
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Anatomy seen on LAT sinuses:
all 4 sinuses
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PA positioning:
OML perpendicular to IR (nose and head on board) @ glabella
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What is seen on a PA skull?
Petrous ridges fill orbits; clinoids above ethmoid sinuses
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AP axial (towne) positioning:
OML 30 caudad @ 2 1/2" above glabella
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AP axial (towne) anatomy seen?
Occipital bone, petrous pyramids, dorsum sellae w/n foramen magnum
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What is seen on LAT skull?
entire skull, superimposed cranial halves, shows side closest to the IR
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LAT skull positioning:
interpupillary line @ 2" above EAM
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Tilt is shown through:
EAM, orbital roof
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Rotation is shown through:
interpupilary line
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How to tell an image is sufficient on sinuses:
- -Density is sufficient to visualize sinuses through cranium w/o over exposing maxillary and frontal sinuses
- -sharp bony margins indicate no motion
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How to tell an image is suffient on a skull:
- -Density and contrast are sufficient to visualize structures
- -sharp bony margins indicate no motion
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KV range for skull:
70-80 @ 5
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KV range for sinuses:
70-80 @ 5
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AP elbow appearance:
slight superimposition of radius and ulna
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OBL external elbow appearance:
Should see radial head, neck and tuberosity free from superimposition
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OBL internal elbow appearance:
should see radial head and neck superimposed and centered over proximal ulna
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How do you know if the elbow is acceptable w/ exposure criteria?
- -should visualize soft tissue detail
- -bony trabecular markings
- -no motion
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UGI projections:
AP, LPO, LAT
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AP positioning:
@ L1 (midway b/w xiphoid tip and lower rib margin)
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Appearance of AP UGI:
fundus of stomach filled w/ barium
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LPO positioning:
- 30-60* obl @ L1
- midway b/w spine and LAT border
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Appearance of LPO:
Fundus filled w/ barium
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(R) LAT positioning:
@ L1; 1-1 1/2" ant. to midcoronal plane
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How to know UGI is acceptable:
- -visualization of gastric folds w/o overexposing other pertinent anatomy
- -sharp structural margins indicate no motion
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Projections for C-spine:
AP open mouth, AP axial C-spine, OBL C-spine, LAT
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Positioning for AP open mouth:
CR @ upper incisors to the base of the mouth
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What should be seen on an AP open mouth?
zygopophyseal joints, joint spaces, dens, lateral masses and spinous processes
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AP Axial c-spine positioning:
15* angle @ C4
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What should be seen on an AP axial c-spine:
should see body and spinous processes
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OBL C-spine positioning:
15* angle @ C4 angle 45*
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What should be seen on an obl c-spine:
intervertebral foramina, body, pedicles
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RAO/LAO appearances:
intervertebral foramina and pedicles closest to IR
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RPO/LPO appearances:
intervertebral foramina and pedicles furthest from IR
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LAT C-spine positioning:
@ C4
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LAT C-spine appearances:
zygopophyseal joints, intervertebral joints, articular pillars, post. arch
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Exposure criteria for C-spine:
- -should demonstrate both bone and soft tissue density markings
- -trabecular markings should appear sharp; indicating no motion
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T-spine projections:
AP, LAT
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AP T-spine positioning:
@ t7
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AP T-spine appearances:
thoracic bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, transverse processes
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LAT t-spine positioning:
@ T7
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LAT t-spine appearances:
thoracic bodies, intervertebral joint spaces, intervertebral foramina shown
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L-spine AP positioning:
@ L3
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appearances for AP L-spine:
lumbar vertebral bodies, intervertebral joints, transverse processes.
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OBL L-spine positioning:
@ L3
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OBL L-spine appearances:
shows scotty dogs
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Parts of the scotty dog:
- superior articular process- ear
- transverse process- nose
- pedicle- eye
- pars interarticularis- neck
- inferior articular process- leg
- zygopophyseal joint- front leg
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LAT L-spine positioning:
@ L3
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LAT L-spine appearances:
intervertebral foramina, articular processes, intervertebral joint spaces
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Spot L-spine positioing:
5-8* angle @ 1 1/2" inferior to iliac crest
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appearances of spot l-spine:
open L4-L5 and L5-S1 joint spaces
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exposure criteria for L-spine:
- -should demonstrate vertebral bodies and joint spaces
- -sharp bony margins indicate no motion
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Positions for BE:
- PA
- AP
- RAO
- LAO
- RPO
- LPO
- LAT rectum
- Ventral decubitus
- (r) LAT decubitus
- (l) LAT decubitus
- AP axial butterfly
- PA axial butterfly
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PA positioning for BE:
@ iliac crest
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AP positioning for BE:
@ iliac crest
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RAO positioning for BE:
35-45* rotation @ crest w/ 1" towards left
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PA anatomy BE:
barium just be filled on a transverse colon
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AP anatomy BE:
air should be filled on a transverse colon
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RAO anatomy BE:
(R) colic flexure and ascending colon are seen open
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LAO anatomy BE:
(l) colic flexure and descending colon are seen open
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LAO positioning for BE:
1-2" above iliac crest
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Positioning for LPO obl:
@ crest and 1" towards elevated side
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anatomy for LPO OBL:
(r) colic flexure, ascending and rectosigmoid portions should appear open
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RPO positioning for BE:
@ 1-2" above crest, 1" LAT to elevated side
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anatomy seen on RPO BE:
left colic flexure and descending colon are open
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LAT rectum positioning:
@ ASIS
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LAT rectum anatomy seen:
rectosigmoid region is demonstrated
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Ventral decubitus postioning BE:
@ ASIS
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Ventral decubitus anatomy seen:
rectosigmoid region is demonstrated
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(R) LAT decubitus positioning:
@ crest
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(R) LAT decubitus anatomy seen:
air filled (L) colic flexure and descending colon
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(L) LAT decubitus positioning:
@ crest
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(L) LAT decubitus anatomy seen:
air filled (R) colic flexure and ascending colon
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PA/AP postecavuation positioning:
@ crest
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PA/AP postevacuation anatomy seen:
entire large intestine w/ only residual amounts of contrast media
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AP axial butterfly positioning:
30-40 cephalic @ ASIS
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AP axial butterfly anatomy seen:
elongated view of rectosigmoid segments
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PA axial butterfly positioning:
30-40 caudad @ ASIS
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PA axial butterfly anatomy seen:
elongated view of rectosigmoid segments
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