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what are the main systems affected by inorganic arsenic?
- GI : gastroenteritis and collapse;
- renal
- *shock*
- (more deadly than lead) acute can be death w/in 12-18hr ingestion
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what are some diagnostic tools for inorganic arsenic?
- garlic odor to breath/GI contents
- test urine; GI signs
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how do you treat inorganic arsenic toxicosis?
- DMSA (succimer) = antidote
- and sodium thiosulfate
- (poor prognosis)
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What is main system affected by organic arsenic? when do clinical signs start?
- PNS (ataxia, remain alert, photosensitization, blindness)
- within 7 days of excess in feed
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what is treatment for organoaresenic toxicosis?
water = antidote
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mercury, though not common poisoning, is usually encountered through what source?
- used in seed dressings as fungicide
- mercury iodide was used as "blister"
- sewage, fossil fuels
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Mercury can be found in what excretions?
urine, also feces, milk ,and sweat
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similar to other metals, what is mechanism for mercury toxicosis?
inhibits enzymes with sulfhydrl groups
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what are major clinical signs associated with mercury poising?
- inorganic causes gastroenteritis, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis,
- Acute nephritis
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what is treatment for mercury poisoning?
Antidotes = sodium thiosulfate or DMSA (Succimer)
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Copper is acquired from feed and feed additives. does this lead to acute or chronic toxicosis?
cumulative, chronic poisoning leads to acute signs
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where does copper accumulate in the body? what is method for excretion?
- accumulates in liver (esp. in sheep) and RBCs (sheep and goats)
- feces contain much of the ingested dose
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what is mechanism for toxicosis with copper?
- hemolysis (attached to RBCs) and Heinz body formation
- free radical formation and *methemoglobin*
- kidneys fail --> death
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which species is susceptible to hemolytic syndrome associated with Copper toxicity? Which species gets more chronic wasting and NO hemolytic syndrome?
- sheep get hemolysis
- dogs: chronic wasting
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what is treatment for Copper?
- add molybdenum to feed
- antidote = Molybdenum salt licks
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which species is most susceptible to Molybdenum toxicity? what other metal is inversely related to this?
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How does molybdenum lead to bone defects?
collagen defects and competes with phosphorous
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what are clinical signs for molybdenum toxicity?
- persistent, severe malodorous, green scouring with gassy bubbles
- depigmentation of coat (speckles around eyes)
- achromotrichia (black cow turns gray)
- osteoporosis
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what is treatment for molybdenum toxicity?
give copper
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What are signs of salt toxicity?
convulsions, recumbency, paddling, head pressing, death
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what is post mortem finding associated with salt poisoning?
eosinophilic meningo-encephalitis, brain edema
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what is antidote for salt toxicity?
water, sparingly
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Iron toxicity is commonly found in which species?
piglets (anemia)
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what are clinical signs following oral ingestion of iron? How do these symptoms change with time?
- drowsiness, vomiting (brown to bloody)
- *apparent recovery* if survive first 6 hours then symptoms worsen
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what would post mortem evaluation of oral iron toxicity reveal?
- mucosal necrosis, HGE
- congestion in liver, kidney, splanchnic vessels
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how do you treat iron toxicity?
antidote = chelation therapy with desferroxamine
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What micronutrient is a common soil constituent that accumulates and plants and leads to chronic toxicity?
selenium
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Selenium can replace what element in amino acids, resulting in abnormal proteins? Selenium can also attach to what, which leads to decreased ATP and O2 utilization?
- sulfur
- attaches to SH (sulfhydryl) groups
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