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what is the characteristic name for subacute selenium toxicity?
"blind staggers" due to lost weight, impaired vision and stumbling/blind
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What is the characteristic name for chronic selenium toxicity? what are presenting signs of this in horses' hooves? what about in cattle?
- "alkali disease"
- horse: sloughs hoof
- cow: corkscrew claw
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how do you treat selenium toxicity?
- no antidote
- symptomatic/supportive only
- increase sulfur containing proteins in the diet
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What is most common source for sulfur toxicity? what has sulfide been linked to in feedlots?
- water source (also onions, molasses)
- polioencephalomalacia
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What is common sign with acute/subacute sulfur toxicity? how is this treated?
- diarrhea
- NO antidote
- sodium sulfate/Glauber's salt as saline purgative
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Zinc is found in footbaths and galvanized objects. Once ingested what two things can it antagonize in the hematopoietic process?
- antagonize copper and iron
- also affects glutathione reductase
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what are main clinical signs seen in dogs with excess Zn?
- GIT signs, CNS depression
- chronically anemia/hemolysis/DIC and lameness from affected collagen
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what is treatment for Zn?
- antidote = EDTA
- tx: diuresis and blood transfusion
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Fluorine is an inorganic anion that mainly affects what species? where do 95% of accumulates go?
- mainly cattle
- bones and teeth (fracture pedal bones = kneeling cows)
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what is treatment for fluorine?
- no antidote
- non specific; aim is prevention
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what is mechanism for organophosphates (insecticides)? are these compounds stable in the environment?
- lead to build up of ACh so overstimulation of nicotinic, muscarinic and neuromuscular junctions (not all OP groups cause neurotoxicity)
- -not stable, rapidly degraded in environment by sun/microbes
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Seizures from organophosphates are not responsive to atropine if not given early enough because what two mechanisms come into play?
glutamate and NMDA
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what are commonly described signs associated with OPs at muscarinic v. nicotinic receptors?
- muscarinic: "SLUD" signs
- (parasympathetic signs = salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation)
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nicotinic: fasciculations and respiratory failure/bronchoconstriction
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what is treatment for OPs?
antidote = Atropine if started early and 2PAM/Prlaidoxime
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What is treatment for carbamates?
Antidote = atropine ONLY
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what are clinical signs associated with carbamates?
- SLUD signs (reversible inhibitors of cholinesterase)
- overstim of musc/nicotinic but less severe than OPs
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Where do organochlorides distribute to?
distribute to body fat (and blood cells)
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what are some behavioral clinical signs associated with organochlorides?
licking, chomping jaws
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what is treatment for organochlorides?
- no antidote but good prognosis
- tx: anticonvulsants, purgatives, etc
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what species is most sensitive to pyrethrins?What is added to pyrethrins to potentiate effects/incr. mammalian toxicity?
- cats (fish and bees also affected)
- MFO inhibitors (mixed function oxidase)
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what is treatment for pyrethrin toxicity?
- no antidote
- symptomatic/supportive
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what is mechanism of amitraz?
alpha-2 adrenergic agonist (CNS sedative)
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what is treatment for amitraz?
antidote = atipamezole and yohimbine
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what is treatment for DEET?
no antidote for deet
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what are clinical abnormalities and tx for Naphthalene (moth balls)? which species is more susceptible?
- (cats more susceptible) hemolytic anemai/heinz body and mehtemoglobinemia
- antidote is slow IV methylene blue;
- tx blood transfusion
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