BIO metabolism

breakdown of complex organic molecules

• ATP
• cellular building blocks

• Biosynthesis
• synthesis of macromolecules and cell structures

enzymes

• oxidation = electron removal
• reduction = electron addition
• OILRIG

• oxidation removal of hydrogen
• reduction addition of hydrogen

a non-protein structure that assist enzymes

• dramatically increase rate of chemical reaction
• lower activation energy of reaction
• THIS IS WHAT AN ENZYME IS

the active site on a molecule that enzymes attach too

coenzymes or prosthetic groups

• enzyme and cofactor are bound tightly/permanently
• ie heme group

• looe association between enzyme and cofactor
• ie NAD+/NADH

molecule upon which an enzyme acts

• the process by which organisms burn food to produce energy
• MAKING ATP

glucose

Respiration is the process by which organisms burn food to produce energy. The starting material of cellular respiration is the sugar glucose, which has energy stored in its chemical bonds. You can think of glucose as a kind of cellular piece of coal: chock-full of energy, but useless when you want to power a stereo. Just as burning coal produces heat and energy in the form of electricity, the chemical processes of respiration convert the energy in glucose into usable form.

• the usable form of energy produced by respiration.
• take sugar (coal) and turn it into usable form (ATP)

• RNA has one phosphate
• ATP has 3

When the cell needs energy, it removes phosphates from ATP by hydrolysis, creating energy and either adenosine diphosphate (ADP), which has two phosphates, or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which has one phosphate.

• DO NOT NEED O2
• first step of cellular respiration

aerobic and anaerobic

• Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and ATP. More precisely, this process involves six oxygen molecules for every sugar molecule:
• • 6O2 + C6H12O6-----> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP energy
• • This general equation for aerobic respiration (which you should know for the test) is actually the product of three separate stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

glycolysis

glycolysis

six O2 molecules for every sugar

cytoplasm of the cell

split glucose molecules into a 3 carbon compound called pyruvate

2 ATP

to get 2 NADH molecules to send to the mitochondria for (krebs cycle and electron transport chain)

fermentation

• • Glycolysis is part of both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
• • Glycolysis splits glucose, a six-carbon compound, into two pyruvate molecules, each of which has three carbons.
• • In glycolysis, a 2 ATP investment results in a 4 ATP payoff.
• • Unlike the rest of aerobic respiration, which takes place in the mitochondria, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell.
• • Unlike the rest of aerobic respiration, glycolysis does not require oxygen.

what starts the kreb cycle

the krebs cycle

2 ATP molecules for each glucose molecule

NADH and FADH₂ on to the next step in respiration = electron transport chain

• mitochondrial matrix
• the innermost compartment of mitchondria

34 ATP molecules

krebs cycle

O₂ is present ecen though it isn't used directly in the cycle

yes

34 ATP

the inner membrane of the mitochondria for eukaryotes

YES

• • Four ATP molecules are produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle combined. The electron transport chain produces 34 ATP.  There are 38 total ATP’s produced.
• • The electron transport chain occurs across the inner membrane of the mitochondria and Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) also occurs in the mitrochondria, but in the mitrochondria matrix.
• • Glycolysis can be aerobic or anaerobe. The Kreb’s Cycle is considered aerobic, and the electron transport chain requires oxygen.
• • Prokaryotes have no mitochondria, but carry out a process similar to Electron Transport between the cell wall and cell membrane(s) using the periplasmic space. They carry out a similar process to the Kreb’sCycle in the cytoplasm.  They carry out Glycolysis in the cytoplasm also, just like Eukaryotes.

fermintation

NO

glycolysis (doesn't require O2)

• lactic acid fermintation
• alcoholic fermintation

fungi and bacteria  human muscle cells

between the cell wall and the cell membrane using the periplasmic space.

in the cytoplasm

in the cytoplasm

• they have to have a way to turn NADH back to NAD⁺ for glycolysis.
• they need this because Aerobic organisms use O to turn NADH to NAD⁺

the electron transport chain turns NADH back into NAD⁺ with the aid of oxygen

the incomplete oxidation of glucose in absence of O_2.

pyruvate is converted to a three carbon compound called lactic acid.

pyruvate +NADH----> ethyl alcohol + NAD⁺ + CO₂

• facultative anaerobes
• strict fermentors

• microbes that ferment in the absence of oxygen
• and perform respiration in the presence of oxygen
• (this is why the facultative anaerobes grew throughout the thygilocolate tube)

• microbes that do not have repiration
• ie yeast

splits glucose (a six carbon compound) into 2 pyruvate (a 3 carbon compound)

2 ATP

4 ATP so net gain of 2 ATP

oxygen

• 38 total
• 2 - glycolysis
• 2 - Krebs cycle
• 34 - Electron transport chain

across the inner membrane of the mitochondria

in mitochondrial matrix

• Krebs and ETC = aerobic
• glycolysis = aerobic or anaerobic