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Gonadal Hormones:
The ovaries and the testes respond to
FSH and LH secretion from the anterior pituitary
-
Ovaries
*Estrogen- Development and maintenance of female reproductive structures and sex characteristics
*Progesterone- Prepares the uterin lining (endometrium) for implantation
-
Testes
*Testosterone
-sperm production
-Development and maintenance of masculine sex characteristics
-
Functions:
Estrogens and Progesterone
-Regulate the female reproductive cycle
-Maintain pregnancy
-Breast development and maturation
-Widening of the hips
-Adipose tissue deposition in the breasts around the hips
-
Functions:
Testosterone
-Sperm production
-Hair growth patterns
-Increased skeletal and muscular growth
-Voice changes
-
Pineal gland is part of the
epithalamus
-
The pineal gland secretes the hormone
melatonin.
-controls seasonal and daily cycles
-more released during darkness that light
-thought to promote sleepiness
-
It is theorized that melatonin assists with the setting of the daily
biological clock by promoting sleepiness
-
Thymus gland secretes
thymosin, which promotes the proliferation and maturation of T cells.
-
T cells are the type of whit blood cell (lymphocyte) that
destroys microorganisms and foreign substances through direct cellular contact or by recruiting other white cells
-
In the 1930's, Dr. Hans Selye, demonstrated that a variety of stressors would invoke a very similar response, regardless of the stressor type. These common effects, controlled mainly by the hypothalamus, were termed the
stress response or the general adaptation syndrome GAS
-
The 3 stages of the stress response or GAS are
1. fight-or-flight response
2. resistance reaction
3. exhaustion
-
A stress response is the body's
response to emergency or stressful situations, real or imagined
-
A stressor is any
stimulus that causes a stress response.
-distress is a harmful response to a stressor
-Eustress is a productive use of a stressor. Some levels of stress help individuals perform well and be productive
-
It is the goal of the stress response to
maintain homeostasis
-
GAS:
Fight or flight response
-Stimulation of the adrenal medulla by the sympathetic nervous system. This response is initiated by neurons in the hypothalamus.
*Provides large amounts of glucose and oxygen
*Mental alertness
*Increased blood flow to essential organs
-
GAS:
Resistance Reaction
-With the source of this response being hormonal rather than neural, it allows the body to continue fighting a stressor long after the flight-or-flight response dissipates.
- -Activation of the adrenal cortex, liver, and thyroid causes:
- *increased blood pressure, glycogen catabolism, protein catabolism, lipolysis, and Na and water retention.
* decreased inflammation, wound healing, and immune response
-
GAS:
Exhaustion Reaction
-The exhaustion phase is when the body's resources become depleted and the resistance reaction cannot be maintained.
- Prolonged exposure to the resistance response causes immune suppression, muscle wasting, ulceration of the tract, failure of pancreatic cells, and depletion of K
-Common relationship with chronic diseases
-Death is a potential severe consequence
-
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:
Cause ----- Effect
Cause:Decrease in hGH
Decreased cell replacement
-
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:
Cause ----- Effect
Cause: Decreased thyroid hormone
-
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:
Cause ----- Effect
Cause: Increased PTH
Effect:
Osteoporosis
-
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:
Cause ----- Effect
Cause: Decreased cortisol and aldosterone
Glucose and electrolyte changes
-
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:
Cause ----- Effect
Cause: Decreased thymosin due to atrophied thymus
Effect:
Diminished T lymphocyte production
-
Effects of Aging on the Endocrine System:
Cause ----- Effect
Cause: Decreased insulin levels
Effect:
Faster increase, slower decrease of blood glucose levels
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