Biology- Kingdom Fungi

• -only true fungi to be aquatic
• -they move by a posterior flagellum called 'zoospores'
• -some are hyphal, others are unicellular

• -saprophytic chytrid
• 

• Produce haploid gametes in sexual reproduction ordiplod zoospores in asexual reproduction 
• -Gametes are for reproduction
• -Zoospores are for colonization
• 

• -terrestrial 
• -hyphael: grow as threads, hyphae are coenocytic (lack septa)
• -nuclei are haploid
• -primarily saprophytes

• -nuclei are haploid
• -reproduce by asexual spores contained in the sporangium
• -sexual reproduction can occur by the fusion of isomorphic (different mating types) multinucleate gametangium
• - the product is zygosporangia which undergo meiosis

-Rhizopis: common black bread mold, sporangiospores are supported by rhizoid structures like roots

• -includes fungi whose form of sexual reproduction is not known
• -asexual spores (conidia) are not protected by a cover, but are produced as chains of cells which are then severed at the tips of specialized hyphae (conidiospores) 
• -

• -Penicillium 
• -Aspergillus

• -have septate hyphae or grow as yeasts
• -all sexual spores are made in the ascus

• -gametangia arise as special hyphael branches; the 'male' (Antheridium) and 'female' (Ascogonium) 
• -the 'female' had a receptive hair-like projection called a trichogyne
• -nuclei is passed from M to F when the antheridium touches the trichogyne
• -ascogenous occurs (formation of a new ascus) whereby the ascus contains nuclei from each parents

• -a) perithecium
• -b) apothecium
• -c) cleistothecium

• -following the formation of asci in the dikaryotic cells, fertilization occurs
• -meiosis takes place immediately forming 4 haploid nuclei
• -these four nuclei then divide again by mitosis
•  

• -have septate hyphae
• -many are saprophytes or mycorrihizal
• -all sexual spores (Basidiospores) are born externally on the basidium (club)
• -have no distinct gamatangia
• -many club fungi form macroscopic basidiocarps

• -asexual reproduction involves conidia
• -fusion of hyphae occurs early and the organism exists dikaryotically for most of its life
• -the dikaryotic mycelium eventually forms young basidia
• -the two nuclei of the basidium unite (karyognamy) and form a diplod nucleus
• -meiosis occurs and the haploid nuclei form basidiospores

• -organisms made up of fungi and green algae or cyanonacteria
• -growth conditions are usually poor

• -plasmodium is a mass of multinecleate cytoplasm capable of creeping on solid surface
• -if conditions are unfavorable, the plasmodium will enter the resting stage, forming a sclerotium
• -are eukaryotic heterotrophs with two stages
• 1) vegetative (feeding) stage
• - are amoeboid or flagellated
• 2) reproductive stage
• -form spores with rigid walls, often containing cellulose
• -spores are carried by teh wind

• - absorptive heterotrophs 
• -cell walls contain cellulose
• -have coenocytic hyphae
• -aquatic (require water for reproduction)
• -zoospores have two flagella: whiplash and tensile

-zygote forms a thick wall and becomes a restings pore