Sociology

emphasizes the ability to bring about an intended outcome; highlights the positive and constructive aspects of power 

increases people's capacity to bring about an intended outcome; the focus of much feminist scholarship on power

Who is the person who said that "power is the capacity to change and empower oneself and others"

seeks to empower an oppressed group through a combination of economic assistance and educational programs 

The best-known approach to empowerment 

involves bringing people together to identify common goals and work to achieve them 

involves reaching outside your immediate circle of contacts to find allies 

the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others; focuses on overcoming opposition or dominating others

To get people's compliance by convicting them of the correctness of your position and goals

To encourage people's compliance by offering a positive incentive 

To force compliance by threatening, intimidating, pressuring, or harming someone

An essential part of social relationships at every level of social life

What are the 6 bases of power in small groups and organizations?

Specific strategies people use to influence others in everyday life and vary along three key dimensions

Power tactic that is forceful, direct, or harsh. People employing them use economic rewards and other tangible outcomes, and even threats

Power tactic that focuses on relationships. People employing soft tactics make use of collaboration and friendship to achieve a goal. 

Power tactic that appeals to logic and includes bargaining and rational persuasion 

Power tactic that includes emotional appeals

Power tactic that does not require cooperation to initiate they include demands, orders, or disengagement

Power tactic that involves give-and-take, as in negotiations and discussions

Three of the most important purposes to which power is applied are

Power that allocates resources

Power that makes rules and decisions

Power that defines reality

Activist who argued that class in power maintains its dominance not simply through the use of force, but also through manipulation of ideas

Exists when those in power have successfully spread their ideas-- and marginalized alternative viewpoints-- so that their perspectives and interest are accepted widely as being universal and true

The person who made an important distinction between legitimate and illegitimate power

Voluntarily accepted by those who are affected

Relies on force or coercion to generate obedience

has legitimacy because of compliance with well-established cultural practices

Has legitimacy because it is based on established laws, rules, and procedures

Power who legitimacy is derived from the extraordinary personal characteristics of an individual leader, which inspire loyalty and devotion

the unequal distribution of resources among groups of people

What is the major type of inequality in society?

A group of people who share a roughly similar economic position and lifestyle

Who highlighted the world of work and analyzed classes as groups of people who share a common relationship to the means of production?

A special advantage or benefit that not everyone enjoys

Who developed standpoint theory?

Questions taken-for-granted assumptions about society by looking at it from multiple viewpoints

The place from which a person views the world

What structures a person's standpoint?

Made up of social structures and cultural norms that create and maintain inequality by ranking people into hierarchy of groups and receive unequal resources

All Stratification systems share 3 key elements:

Stratification systems that are closed; they are rigid, making it almost impossible for an individual to move from one stratum to another

Stratification systems that are open; it is possible for an individual to achieve social mobility

Movement from one stratum to another

System of beliefs that helps define and explain the world and justifies the existence of inequality

features stratification determined by economic position, which results from a combination of individual achievement and family of birth

idea that success is based on merit, not inherited advantage

emphasizes the collective good and economic equality as coordinated by the government

Totalitarian governments that typically downplay the existence of inequality

Combines a government accountable to the electorate with an economy that includes considerable state intervention

Male domination through social institutions and cultural practices