C) they bind to and interact with a receptor in the target cell
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
A) tends to inhibit osteoblasts
Which of those hormones is NOT secreted by the adrenal cortex?
A) androgens
Thyroid hormone
A) requires iodine of production
The hypothalamohypophysial portal system carries hormones from the
B) hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
"hypothalamo"- starts at the hypothalamus
"hypophysial"- ends at the adenohypophysis (anterior lobe of the pituitary)
If fluid intake increases dramatically over a short time frame,
C) ADH secretion decreases
ADH secretion is triggered by a rise in the solute concentration of the blood or a fall in BV/BP
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulates the release of
D) FSH and LH
Glucagon
B) primarily affects the liver
-is released when blood glucose is low and raises blood glucose levels by increasing the rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver (takes glucogen out of storage and turns into glucose which then circulates in the bloodstream)
If a person who has diabetes mellitus fails to take insulin, which symptoms may appear?
D) all of these
-doesn't have enough (or any) insulin to take the glucose out of the bloodstream and put it into storage. A lot of glucose extreted through the urine.
-ketoacidosis is a complication of poorly controlled diabetes mellitus
The primary function of ADH is to
A) decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys
The nervous system regulates the secretion of each of these hormones EXCEPT
C) PTH
Which of the following occurs when a hormone binds to an intracellular receptor?
B) activation of cyclic AMP
The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is
C) FSH
-the nurse cells promote spermatogenesis
Your friend is in labor and is not progressing well. The doctor orders a medication to promote uterine contractions. You know that the medication ordered is
C) oxytocin
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except
A) vasodilation
-vasodilation would dilate the BVs so there would be a greater diameter, which would create less resistance because less of the blood is being slowed down by friction against the vessel walls.
A person with A+ blood has
B) A proteins (agglutinogens) on the red blood cells
Respiratory scidosis can be
C) compensated for by kidney excretion of bicarbonate
An increase of carbon dioxide and decrease in pH results in
B) all of these
-cardiac output = HR * SV, so if it where to increase either HR or SV, it would have to increase cardiac output as well. If cardiac output increased, it would have to be due to an increase of either (or both) HR or SV.
If the function of carbonic anhydrase was inhibited, which method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood would be affected to the greatest degree?
D) bicarbonate
-the rate of carbonic acid formation depends on the amount of CO2 in the solution, but the carbonic anhydrase is what catalyzes the CO2 and H2O to form bicarbonate (HCO3) and hydrogen, so it's the H2CO3 and H+ that wold be affected the most by inhibition of carbonic anhydrase
Functions of plasma proteins include
D) regulation of osmotic pressure
-albumin in particular is a major contributor to osmotic pressure.
-also, plasma proteins function in attacking pathogens and transporting globulins
The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called
C) diapedisis
Iron
A) is needed to produce hemoglobin
Erythropoietin
A) is a product of the kidney
The most numerous of the leukocytes is the
C) neutrophil
Platelets
B) all of these
-attachment to collagen helps to form the platelet plug
Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the
C) L atrium
If the connections between the vagus nerve and the heart are severed, the
a) heart will beat slower
b) stroke volume will decrease
c) cardiac output will increase
d) all of these
-vagus nerve releases acetylcholine and is parasympathetic (rest and repose), which allows the body to relax and decrease BPM and stroke volume
Which of the following would be greater?
a) EDV when the heart rate is 150 BMP
b) EDV when the heart rate is 90 BMP
b) EDV when the heart rate is 90 BMP
During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the
C) aorta
EDV-ESV is equal to
B) stroke volume
Precapillary sphincters
B) control the blood flow into capillary beds
Complement proteins
A) can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells
Interferon
B) is a protein that interferes with virus production and infection
-also stimulates the activities of macrophages and NK cells
The inflammatory response
A) prevents the spread of infection
_______ are part of cell-mediated immunity while ____ are part of antibody-mediated immunity
C) T cells, B cells
When blood pressure decreases,
B) renin secretion increases
The secondary or memory response
B) provides better protection than the primary response
Active natural immunity occurs when
D) an individual develops a disease
Which of the following is a passageway for both air and food?
A) pharynx
The serous membranes that surround the lungs are called the
A) pleural membranes
Oxygen and CO2 are exchenges across the respiratory membrane by process of
C) diffusion
The Bohr effect refers to the
D) effect of pH on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Gas dissovles in fluid in accordance with
B) Henry's law
The chloride shift refers to the
D) exchange of chloride ions for bicarbonate ions across the RBC membrane
The major regulator of respiration is the plasma concentration of
C) carbon dioxide
Lacteals
D) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries
Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
C) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
The gastric phase of gastric secretion
C) leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion
The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
D) cholecystokinin
Which of the following helps to keep blood nutrients at normal levels six to eight hours after a meal?
B) breakdown of glycogen in the liver releasing glucose
A hormone that promotes the conversion of lipids to glucose and the formation of gylcogen in the liver is
-skip-
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Enterokinase
D) activates trypsinogen
The pancreas produces
D) all of these
Chief cells in the gastric mucosa secrete
A) pepsinogen
In response to cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid
