ATP formation driven by high energy electrons removed from substrate oxidation paths such as TCA cycle, with energy released for ATP formation by passage of the electrons through electron- transport chain in the mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation
direct synthesis of ATP through the transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP
substrate- level phosphorylation
Where does substrate-level phosphorylation occur?
Glycololysis
Krebs cycle
mitochondria and chloroplast arose from symbiotic eukaryote that took residence within a primitive host cell
endosymbiont theory
folding increases
Surface area
Where do Glyscolysis, Aerobic respiration, TCA cycle and Electron Transport chain occur?
1. cytoplasm
2. mitochondria
3. matrix
4. cristae
What are the substrates in the substrate-level phosphorylation?
G: glucose
TCA: acetyl CoA, CO2
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?
Mitochondria through aerobic respiration
Do all eukaryotes have mitochondria?
Yes
When pyruvate undergoes an anaerobic reaction, what occurs?
NO ATP
What are the products of G?
2 NADH
4 ATP
2 pyruvate
How many C atoms does pyuvate have?
3
Without oxygen?
FERMENTATION
Where does ATP synthase occur?
cristae
What happens when acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate react with each other?
citric acid
What are the substrates and products for the prep step?
S: 2 pyruvate(3C)
2 acetyl CoA(2C)
2 CO2(1C)
2 NADH
Are any substrate molecules reduced/ oxidized during the TCA cycle?
reduced!
NAD+ --> NADH
FADH --> FABH2
When are all the CO2 produced?
2- prep step
4- krebs cycle
What are the products for the TCA cycle?
2(3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1GTP--> 1 ATP)
high energy electron carriers: NADH and FADH2
Are any substrate molecules reduced/ oxidized during the electron transport chain?
oxidized!
NADH--> NAD+ + H
FADH2--> FADH + H
What runs ATP synthesis?
proton gradient chain/ force
an electrochemical gradient built across energy transducing membranes following translocation of protons during electron transport
proton-motive force
What is the voltage gradient outside the membrane?
pH acidic
voltage +
When does cellular respiration occur?
ATP synthesis
e- + 2H+ + 1/2O2 = H2O
What is the last electron acceptor?
O2
What is the name of the electron transport protein that carries electrons from I-->III?
ubiquinone
What is the name of the electron transport protein that carries electrons from III-->IV?
Cytochrome C
What happens if there is no final electron receiver?
es are stalled
Where does FADH2 go and where do the electrons proceed?
II--> UQ-->III-->CC-->IV-->O2
Where does NADH go and where do the electrons proceed?
I--> UQ-->III-->CC-->IV-->O2
small molecules that are easily reduced by accepting es
e carriers
Where are e carriers embedded?
Where do they pump H+ ions?
inner mitochondrial membrane
intermembrane space
What drives H+ out?
Electron transport
What is another term for oxidative phosphorylation?
chemiosmotic coupling
What drives active processes in the mitochondria?
electrochemical proton gradient
What drives pyruvate import?
pH gradient
What drives ADP-ATP import?
voltage gradient
ATP-synthesizing enzyme of the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase
Which of the chief components of the ATP synthase is embedded in the membrane?
F0
What is the pattern of energy transduction in the ATP synthase?
It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by carrying protons across the mitochondrial membrane, leading to a rapid consumption of energy without generation of ATP.
What drives:
a. ADP-ATP exchange
b. pyruvate
c. phosphate
a. voltage
b. pH
c.pH
What is ADP substrate cotransported with?
ATP
Rearrage:
Direction of flow of H+ through ETC
Direction of flow of H+ through ATP synthase
ATP synthase
Enter of es through ETCReduction of O2
Proton gradient
Action of uncouplers such as DNP
