Bio osmoregulation, excretion, muscles

removal of an amino group from an organic compound (protein breakdown)

• nitrogen waste formed from two molecules of ammonia and one molecule of carbon dioxide
• broken down from ammonia in the liver, it is 100, 000 times less toxic
• expelled as waste from mammals and adult amphibians

• a waste product formed form the breakdown of nucleic acids
• insects, land snails, and many reptiles, including birds mainly excrete uric acid
• largely insoluble in water
• requires more energy to produce then urea but wastes less water

A tube that conducts urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body

the outer layer of the kidney

the area inside of the cortex in the kidney

the hollow area where the kidney joins the ureter

a functional unit of the kidney

a small branch of the renal artery that carries blood to the glomerulus

the high-pressure capillary bed that is the site of filtration in the kidney

a small branch of the renal artery that carries blood away from the glomerulus to the peritubular capillaries

the cuplike structure that surrounds the glomerulus

the section of the nephron joining the Bowman's capsule with the loop of Henle

the section of the tubule that carries filtrate from the proximal tubule to the distal tubule

conducts urine from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct

a tube that carries urine from nephrons to the renal pelvis

the maximum amount of a substance that can be removed across the nephron

the fluid that surrounds the body cells

• the bicarbonate-carbon dioxide buffer system maintains the pH balance
• by excreting excess H+ ions and restoring HCO3- ions to the blood

filter water from the blood and help maintain water balance

to eliminate toxic nitrogen groups from the body by deamination

filtration, reabsorption, and sectretion

the active transport of waste from the blood in the nephron

kidney dysfunction caused by inadequate insulin from islet cells in the pancreas, because of the high concentration of glucose left in the blood water remains in the nephron and is lost with the urine

• kidney diseases characterized by inflammation of the nephrons
• may lead to irreversible kidney damage and kidney failure

• are caused by the precipitation of mineral solutes from the blood
• the sharp-sided stones can be lodged in the renal pelvis or may move down the ureter into the bladder and be passed out of the body with urine (OUCH!)

• Like a kidney that is properly functioning, a dialysis machine operates on the principles of diffusion and blood pressure in order to restore the proper solute balance.
• Unlike a kidney the dialysis machine cannot perform active transport.

pressure-filtering of body fluids

reclaiming valuable solutes

removing the filtrate from the system

into the blood stream at the proximal convoluted tubule into the capillaries

in the descending limb if the loop of Henle, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the collecting tubule

proteins

• is reabsorbed in the descending limb of Henle and it creates a concentration gradient by loop of Henle
• active transport is required to move sodium

• the ascending limb is impermeable to water but sodium is actively pumped out to produce a low water potential in medulla
• the descending limb is permeable to water

increases water reabsorption in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney

inhibit the release of ADH and cause more frequent urination

a hormone which increases blood volume and pressure

release renin which tells the adrenal gland to release aldosterone which increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption in the distal tubule

the involuntary muscle of the heart

the involuntary muscle found in the lining of many organs

the voluntary muscle that makes the bones of the skeleton move

a band of connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

a pair of skeletal muscles that are arranged in pairs and that work against each other to make a joint move

the muscle that must contract to bend a joint

the muscle that must contract to straighten a joint

the delicate sheath that surrounds muscle fibres

a thread of contractile proteins found within muscle fibres

actin and myosin

a compound in muscle cells that releases a phosphate to ADP and helps regenerate ATP supplies in muscle cells

increased muscle contraction produced by the combination of stimuli

the state of constant muscle contraction caused by sustained nerve impulses

• slow-type I
• fast-type IIa
• fast-type IIx

ATP

having that same solute concentration as another solution

• animals whose body fluids are isotonic with their surroundings and don't regulate their osmolarity
• most marine invertebrates(no backbone) are osmoconformers

• animals that actively adjust their internal water balance to maintain osmotic pressure
• most marine vertebrates and some invertebrates are osmoregulators

• A condition in which the total amount of solutes (salt) in a solution is greater than that of another solution
• Osmoregulators who live in a hyperosmotic environment have less salt then the environment does

• a condition in which the total amount of solutes (salt) in a solution is lower than that of another solution
• osmoregulators who live in hypoosmotic environments have more salt than the environment