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When do you start acquiring immunity?
At birth
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The body supports a wide range of .
habitats
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Name 4 habitats the body supports.
Temp, pH, nutrient, oxygen tension
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What is acquired flora?
normal bacteria that we come in contact with
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What are two beneficial outcomes for acquired flora?
- removed by immune system
- microbial antagonism
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What are the two adverse effects of acquired flora?
- escape the immune system
- multiply and disrupt tissue and organs
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What are the two most common places for pathogens to enter the body?
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What is the hardest type of culture to obtain a pure culture from? And why?
Blood because there is always some form of bacteria on the skin and swab.
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What would happen to a human if you removed all the bacteria in and on them?
Dead
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What are the four methods of newborn exposure?
- Mother's birth canal
- Mother's breast milk
- Bottle-feeding
- People
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What are the two types of pathogens?
True and opportunistic
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What is a true pathogen?
- Pathogen that causes disease in healthy individuals.
- is associated with a specific disease.
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What is an opportunistic pathogen?
- Pathogen that causes disease in immune compromised host
- Gaun access to sterile regions
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What happens if you kill off the body's good flora?
bad flora will flourish and become an infection
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What are some factors that weaken host defenses?
- Old age or extreme youth
- Surgery or organ transplants
- Immunity deficiency
- Physical and mental stress
- Organic disease
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What is virulence?
The virus or bacteria's ability to establish itself in the host
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Most pathogens have specific portals of entry such as...
- skin
- GI tract
- Resp tract
- Urogenital
- Placenta
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What does Staphylococcus aureus on the skin cause?
Boils
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What does haemophilus aegyptius cause?
Pink eye
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What does streptococcus pneumoniae cause?
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What does fungi-crytococcus cause?
pneumonia
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Name three pathogens found in the urogenital area.
- Virus- Human papillomavirus (Genital warts)
- Protozoan- Trichomonas (trichomoniasis)
- Bacteria- Neisseriagonorrhoeae (gonorrhea)
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What bacteria can penetrate the placenta barrier?
Syphilis spirochete
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What virus infects child through birth canal?
Herpes simplex virus
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What is the infectious dose?
- Minimum number of bacteria required to cause disease
- Low ID= high virulence
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What are some antiphagocytic factors?
- Capsule- prevents phagocytosis
- Leukocidins- chemical that is fatal to phagocytes
- Some microbes can survive inside phagocytes
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What are three virulence factors?
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What does -ase mean?
enzyme
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What are exoenzymes?
enzymes produced within gram positive bacteria cell, then released outside of the cell to begin the process of extracellular digestion.
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Name 4 types of exoenzymes.
- Mucinase
- Keratinase
- Collagenase
- Hyaluronidase
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What is mucinase?
Exoenzyme that digests the protective coating on mucous membranes
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What is keratinase?
exoenzyme that digest the principle component of skin and hair
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What is collagenase?
Exoenzyme that digests the principle fiber of connective tissue
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What is hyaluronidase?
exoenzyme that digests the substance that cements cells together
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What are two types of bacterial toxins?
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What are exotoxins?
- Toxins excreted from infected cell.
- Can either be gram pos or gram neg
- Highly toxic in small amounts
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What are endotoxins?
- Gram neg cells that release toxins within the cell.
- membrane and fever associated
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What is the process of infections and disease?
- Establishment
- Signs and symptoms
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What does localized mean?
One specific area
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What does systemic mean?
Throughout a whole body system
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What does focal mean?
In a body part. ex: leg, arm, foot.
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What is the difference between primary and secondary infections?
Primary infection causes initial disease and secondary infection occurs when immune system is down.
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What are signs?
- Objective evidence based on observation
- ex: Inflammation- edema. granulomas, abscesses
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What are symptoms?
- Subjective evidence based on patient
- Ex: Inflammation- fever, pain. soreness, swelling
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What does the portal of exit enable?
Pathogens to spread to other hosts
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Persistence includes...
Latency and sequelae
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What does latency mean?
Dormant
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What does sequelae mean?
- Long term tissue and organ damage
- Ex: sequelae for TB= destroyed lung tissue
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What is epidemiology?
The study of disease in populations
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Who does the majority of epidemiology tracking?
CDC
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