CH 8 Test

Increase in size of the whole or its parts.

• function or the gradual process of change and differentiation, from simple to complex.
• From simple to complex.

growth and development that proceeds from head toward the feet.

growth and development that moves from the center toward the outside.

• Weight: 1.5 lbs per month until 5 months. doubles birth weight by 4-6 months. by 1yr of age, baby triples in weight.
• Height: 1 inch a month in first 6 months. by 12 months, infants length has increased about 50%.

2 months able to hold head up. 4 months can hold head up steadily to 90-degree angle. 6 months can balance the head well. Crawling (abdomen onthe floor) is means on movement. Creeping (hands and knees on floor) starts after 9 months.

basic trust versus mistrust. Infants learn either to trust or mistrust that significant others will properly care for thier basic needs, including nourishment sucking, warmth, cleanliness, and physical contact.

usu. 18-24 months before children are physiological and psychological maturity to begin toilet training.

autonomy versus shame and doubt. Children learn either to be self-sufficient in many activities, including toileting, feeding, walking, and talking, or to doubt thier own abilities.

• 12 hours sleep each night plus daytime nap.
• parallel play; need that toddlers have to play alongside of, but not with, peer mates.
• safety: supervision and education are key 90% of accidents happen in the home.

• initiative versus guilt. children want to undertake many adult-like activities, sometimes going beyond the limits set by parents and feeling guilty because of it.
• -begin to think logically, believe that wishes can make things happen,

• industry versus inferiority. Children eagerly learn to be competent and productive or feel inferior and unable to do any task well.
• - psychosocial: more independence, aware of rules and socialization skills, skills of compromise and challenge are learned.

• 6 yr olds need 12 hours of sleep. 12 yr olds need 10 hours of sleep.
• - need adequate exercise to enhance muscle development, coordination, balance, and strength.
• -TV may have a powerful influence, need to be taught constuctive ways to handle their impluses; may look for revenge
• -gun safety

• -frequently described as a difficult period or a stormy search for oneself.
• -changing body, sexual demands, responsibilities, expectations, and questions about values and beliefs.
• -value of peers is usually significant

• - cognitive function reaches maturity
• - abstract reasoning and systematic scientific problem solving
• - thoughts can be influenced more by logical principles than by personal perceptions and experiences
• - can imagine the possible

• - increased hours of sleep to restore energy levels
• - growth spurts cause bones to grow more quickly than the muscles and tendons
• - organized sports help teach adolescents to work with others, meet challenges, and set personal goals
• - drivers ed, safe sex, water safety,
• - mood swings occur at this stage

• - change in appetite
• - change in mood - sad, hopelessness
• - inability to concentrate
• - loss of interest in activities
• - change in sleep habits (always sleeping or unable to sleep)
• - talk of suicide
• - preoccupation with death or dying
• - giving away possessions

• - optimal level of funcitoning
• - strength, energy, and endurance are now at thier peak
• - females reach max height 16-18 years, males 18-20 years, between ages 30-45 height is stable
• - cardiac output, vital capacities, and organ reserves gradually decrease in middle adulthood

• intimacy versus isolation (Erikson's stage)
• - usu marry in this stage of life
• - decisions to start a family
• - family development and harmony are major goals
• -

• - bone mass decreases skeletal growth cells
• - women lose calcium from bone tissue after menopause
• - compression of spinal vertebrae result in slight changes in height
• - decrease in muscle fibers results in reduction of muscle mass
• - basic neurological remains high during this age period
• - progressive loss in hearing and vision
• - most noticeable changes occurs in skin; decrease in elastic fibers and slight loss of subcutaneous tissue giving a wrinkled look
• - osteoporosis
• - decreased libido, hair loss, delayed erection for males

• generativity vs stagnation (Erikson's)
• - grandparents are either active and involved or isolated and inactive
• - generativity encourages productivity, continuity, and creativity
• - teaching and mentorship manifest

form of discrimination and prejudice against the older adult

• - with aging the body becomes less able to recognize or tolerate the "self"
• - increased accumulation of lymphocytes, plasma cells, found in the tissues or normal, healthy, older people.
• - as the ability of the immune system decreases, the risk of developing infection and cancer increases

• - highly reactive cellular components that derive from unstable atoms or molecules
• - presence of free radicals may accelerate the aging process and result in death of the organism.
• - accumulation of lipofuscin interfere with the diffusion and transportation of essentail metabolites

• - age is determined by the amount of wear and tear that one experiences
• - structural and functional changes associated with growing old are accelerated by abuse of the body

• - hereditary basis for aging
• - suggested to be a programmed genetic occurence caused by specific genes
• - progressive environmental damage to cells

• - difficulty swallowing
• - can be caused by stroke, other neurological, local trauma, and obstruction with a tumor

• - Social Security Act of 1935
• 1965 - Medicare and Medicaid established.
• 1967 - Age Discrimination Act
• 1972 - Supplemental Security Income
• 1973 - Council on Again established
• 1978 - Mandatory retirement changed to 70
• 1986 - Mandatory retirement age eliminated
• 1988 - Catastrophic health insurance established as part of Medicare
• 1990 - Self-Determination Act:

• - observe skin for signs of excessive dryness, or openings in the skin (tears or lesions)
• - examin lesions for size, color, shape, pitting
• - observe for excessive hair loss, dryness or oiliness
• - observe the nails for colo, length, shape, symmetry, and cleanliness

• - assess oral cavity for presence of lesions; dental caries; loose broken, or missing teeth; dentures that do not fit well
• - assess ability to chew and swallow. assess for complaints of heartburn and nausea
• - assess dietary intake, especially high-fiber foods, fats, adn sodium. assess appetite
• - assess weight. compare with norms and monitor for significant changes
• - assess frequency, amount, odor, and consistency of bowel elimination. assess abdomen for tenderness, distention, and active or dimished bowel sounds.
• - assess individual's ability to control defecation
• - assess bowel elimination routines and use of laxatives
• - annual fecal occult blood test is recommended for adults more than 50 years of age

• - By 2020 approximately 20% of the population is expected to be older than 65
• - young older adult: 65-74
• - middle older adult: 74-85
• - older older adult: 85+
• - fastest growing segment of popuation is 85+ age group

• - refers to physical, emotional, financial, verbal, or sexual assualt or neglect.
• - visible factors include: financial strain, social isolation, low self-esteem, previous history of abuse

• - biologic parents and any siblings
• - with or without children

• - biologic parents, their children, grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, and other family members...
• - provides a sharing of responsibilities

• - family style of choice or result of death, divorce, seperation, or abandonment
• - more common in recent years
• - typically adult must perform roles of two people

• - also called the stepfamily
• - occurs when adults from previous marriages remarry and combine children within a new household

- consists of a nam and a woman living together without legal commitment but sharing roles and responsibilities

• - involves homosexual partners living together with shared responsibilities
• - sometimes involves children from a heterosexual relationship or adopted or foster childern

• - usually a family unit of husband and wife with adopted children
• - childless and infertile couples are lonely and lack fullfillment are usually family units to adopt

• - the foster family allows for the care, supervision, and nurturing of children whose parents are unable to take care of them.
• - length of stay in foster home may vary and may be temporary depending on circumstances