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how to make granules
take a powder, moisten it, sieve the wet mass and dry
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effervescent granules
weak acid + base mixture (i.e. citric/tartaric acid and sodium bicarbonat/bisphosphonate)
produce CO2 in water
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inert bases used in dusting powders
talc, starch, Mg carbonate, bentonite, kaolin
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comminution
particle size reduction
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method of comminution for tough, fibrous material
mill, grinder
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method of comminution for hard, fracturable material
trituration
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method of comminution for gummy material
pulverization
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used for large scale mixing
cone, ribbon, bin blenders
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used for small scale mixing
spatulation, geometric mixing
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Mesh number for topical powders
#100 mesh
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type of powder not to use on oozing wounds
highly sorptive
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what are eutectics?
they soften or liquefy
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examples of eutectics?
menthol, phenol, salicylic acid, phenyl salicylate, benzocaine, lidocaine
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how to triturate eutectics
- lightly with spatula (not mortar and pestle)
- use bulky adsorbents
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bulky adsorbent examples
Mg oxide and Mg carbonate
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deliquescents
liquefy with moisture
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examples of deliquescent and hygroscopic powders
Ca chloride, sodium iodide, lithium bromide, ephedrine sulfate, pilocarpine alkaloid
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efflorescent powders
- release water during manipulation
- these powders are sticky so you need an anhydrous salt or a dry bulky powder
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what are desiccant packs made of?
hygroscopic and deliquescent powders
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examples of efflorescent powders
caffeine, atropine sulfate, citric acid, ferrous sulfate, sodium phosphate
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oxidizing agents
(di)chromates, hypochlorites, nitrates, peroxides
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reducing agents
alcohol, bisulfites, iodides, tannins, volatile oils
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liquids incorporated into powders by
- adsorption onto inert material (i.e. lactose)
- geometric mixing
- spraying evenly onto the powder
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aciduents
- citric acid
- tartaric acid
- fumaric acid
- maleic acid
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base of soft lozenges
polyethylene glycol
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lozenge binders
- acacia
- carboxymethyl cellulose sodium
- gelatin
- PEG
- starch
- syrup
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base of soft opaque sticks
- petrolatum
- cocoa butter
- PEG
- waxes/oils
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base of soft clear sticks
- sodium stearate
- propylene glycol
- water/alcohol
- glycerin mixture
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base of hard sticks
- crystalline powders fused together by heat
- cocoa butter or petrolatum used as binder
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waxes of the sticks
need to mix high and low melting point waxes
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physicochemical considerations for oils
- vegetable oils: rancid
- caster oil: high viscocity
- Mineral oil: gloss, less solubility
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physicochemical considerations for waxes
- hard waxes have better gloss
- carnuaba wax - raises melting point
- beeswax - stiffening agent, dull stick
cocoa butter melts and body temp and blooms
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physicochemical considerations for water soluble bases + examples
- easy skin removal
- PEG
- propylen glycol monesters
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