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Personality
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior
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Heredity
Factors determined at conceptions; one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup
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Personality traits
Enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior
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Myers-Briggs type indicator (MBTI)
A personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types
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Big Five Model
A personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions
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Extraversion
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
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Agreeableness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting
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Conscientiousness
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
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Emotional stability
A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed and insecure (negative)
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Openness to experience
A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity
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Core self-evaluation
Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person
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Machiavellianism
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
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Narcissism
The tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement
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Self-monitoring
A personality trait that measures and individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors
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Proactive personality
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
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Values
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence
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Value system
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity
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Terminal values
Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a personal would like to achieve during his or her lifetime
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Instrumental values
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values
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Personality-job fit theory
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover
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Power distance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and orgs is distributed unequally
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Individualism
A national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups
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Collectivism
A national culture attribute that describes a a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
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Masculinity
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture favors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. Societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism
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Femininity
A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and females roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society
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Uncertainty avoidance
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them
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Long-term orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence
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Short-term orientation
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations
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