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an infants clinging response to a touch on their palm
grasping reflex
-
development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
maturation
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indicate the median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
developmental norms
-
average children walk and talk around ___ months?
12
-
the progression of muscular coordination required for physcial activities
motor development
-
the head to foot direction of motor development
cephalocaudal trend
-
the center outward direction of motor development
children gain control of their torso before extremities
proximodistal trend
-
an infant turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere near their mouth
rooting reflex
-
_____ factors sometimes vary the median times for those milestones
cultural
-
infants greatly benefit from?
- being touched by their parents
- looking at human faces and patterns
-
what did the visual cliff experiment determine?
whether infants had depth perception
-
transitions in patterns of thinking, reasoning, remembering and problem solving
cognitive development
-
he asserted that children progress in thinking through assimilation and accomodation
jean piaget
-
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing mental structures without changing them
assimilation
-
changing exisiting mental structures to explain new experiences
accomodation
-
a child's realization that an object exists even when he cannot see or touch it
object permanence
-
an infant's understanding of objects depends on
their present sensations
-
a child's intellectual ability to picture something in his mind
representational thought
-
a given quantity does not change when its appearance is changed
conservation
-
the tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem and neglect other important features
centration
-
the inability to envision reversing an action
irreversibility
-
a limited ability to share another person's viewpoint
egocentric thinking
-
the belief that all things are living
animism
-
described the changes that occur in children's understanding in 4 stages of cognitive development
piaget
-
infants use schemas that mainly involve their both and sensations
sensorimotor
-
child begins to use mental images or symbols to understand things
preoperational
-
child uses logical schemas and masters conservation but not abstract ideas
concrete operations
-
child can solve abstract problems and has logical reasoning
formal operations
-
piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operations
- formal operations
-
characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity
temperament
-
characterized by shyness, timidity and wariness of unfamiliar people, objects and events
inhibited temperament
-
they are less restrained and less afraid of unfamiliar people, objects and events
uninhibited temperament
-
refers to the close, emotional bonds of affections that develop between infants and their caregivers
attachment
-
emotional distress in infants when separated from people they've formed an attachment with
seperation anxiety
-
she founded three patterns of attachment in infants
mary ainsworth
-
babies are comfortable with their mother
secure attachment
-
baby is anxious when mother is near
anxious-ambivalent attachment
-
seek little contact with their mother
avoidant attachment
-
there is a modest correlation between infant ______ and _____
- temperament
- attachment security
-
most evidence shows that daycare is...
not harmful to children's attachment relationships
-
inherited tendencies of newborn animals when encountering new stimuli in their environment
imprinting
-
he wanted to learn about attachment to mothers in monkeys
harry harlow
-
parents are total bosses and dont have to explain their actions or decisions
authoritarian
-
in this type of family, children take part in decisions affecting their lives
authoritative/democratic
-
family where kids have the final say and parents often give in to their demands
permissive/laissez-faire
-
parents who seem uncommited to their roles and distant from their kids
uninvolved
-
studies suggest that kids from democratic/authoritative families are more..
confident of their own values and goals than their peers
-
he proposed 8 different stages of psychosocial development
erik erikson
-
each stage of eriksons stages involves?
a struggle between two opposing tendencies you experience
-
the process of learning the rules of behavior of the culture you are raised in
socialization
-
he believed that all children are born with powerful sexual and aggressive urges
freud
-
what did freud believe?
children go through 5 different stages of psychosexual development
-
a failure to move forward from one stage to another as expected
fixation
-
freud's psychosexual development stages?
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latency stage
- genital stage
-
oral stage?
erotic pleasures are obtained through the mouth with breastfeeding or thumbsucking
-
anal stage?
the infant's pleasure seeking is centered on functions of elimination
-
phallic stage?
pleasure are obtained from their genitals
-
latency stage?
- ages 5-6
- sexual desires are pushed into the background
-
genital stage?
- sexual desire are renewed and you seek relationships with others
- age puberty through adulthood
-
he studied stages of moral development using the Heinz story
lawrence kohlberg
-
he came up with 6 stages of moral development
kohlberg
-
stage 1 of preconventional morality
you are only concerned with avoiding punishment
-
stage of preconventional morality
you are concerned with gaining rewards
-
stage 3 of conventional morality
you want to gain approval or avoid disapproval
-
stage 4 conventional morality
you are concerned with law and order
-
stage 5 postconventional morality
you are concerned with whether a law is fair or just
-
stage 6 postconventional morality
you are concerned with ethical principals and the good of society as a whole
-
who referred to adolescence of as a time or storm and stress?
stanley hall
-
believed that storm and stress was a by-product of an industrialized society
margaret mead
-
distinguished 4 attempts to achieve a sense of identity
james marcia
-
teens have no clear sense of identity and give it no serious thought
identity diffusion
-
4 forms of identity by james marcia
- identity diffusion
- identity foreclosure
- identity moratorium
- identity achievement
-
teens commit to decisions based on ideas of others, not their own choice
identity foreclosure
-
teensexplore identity issues but make no commitment
identity moratorium
-
teens explore identity issues and freelymake their own decisions
identity achievement
-
a set of behaviors organized around how a male or female should think or behave
gender schema
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