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The branch of psychology that studies the
physical, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout the life cycle
developmental psychology
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Developmental changes that occur as a result of
automatic, genetically determined signals
maturation
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A stage or point in developmental during which a
person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior
critical period
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An automatic, unlearned response to a sensory stimulus
reflex
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In humans, the stage of life from birth to age two
infancy
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The stage of life that follows infancy and spans
the period from the second birthday to the beginning of adolescence
childhood
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An active and intense emotional relationship
between two people that endures over time
attachment
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The fear of strangers that infants commonly
display
stranger anxiety
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Distress that is sometimes experienced by
infants when they are separated from their primary caregivers
separation anxiety
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The satisfaction obtained from pleasant, soft stimulation
contact comfort
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The process by which animals form strong attachments during a critical period very early in life
imprinting
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A leadership or parenting style based on
recognized authority or knowledge and characterized by mutual respect
authoritative
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A leadership or parenting style that stresses
unquestioning obedience
authoritarian
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The value or worth that people attach to
themselves
self-esteem
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a consistent expression of esteem for the basic value of a person
unconditional positive regard
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an expression of esteem given only when an individual has exhibited suitable behavior
conditional positive regard
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the process by which new information is placed into pre-existing categories
assimilation
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the process of adjusting existing ways of thinking to encompass new information, ideas, or objects
accommodation
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according to Piaget, the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
sensorimotor stage
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the awareness that people and objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived
object permanence
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in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet think logically
pre-operational stage
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according to Piaget, the principle that the properties of substances remain the same despite changes in their shape or arrangement
conservation
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in Piaget's theory, the inability of the pre-operational child to understand another's point of views
egocentrism
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according to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development during which children acquire the ability to think logically
concrete-operational stage
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according to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
formal-operational stage
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according to Kohlberg, a level of moral development in which moral judgments are based on fear of punishment or desire for pleasure
preconventional moral reasoning
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the level of moral development at which a person makes judgments based on conventional standards of right and wrong
conventional moral reasoning
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according to Kohlberg, a level of moral development during which moral judgments are derived from a person's own moral standards
post conventional moral reasoning
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