Genetics

study of inheritance, study of DNA and it’s effects on the characteristics of organisms

• known as “classical” or “Mendalion” genetics 
• -how characteristics transmitted from one generation to the next -2 individuals who are the parents and they pass characteristics onto the offspring

• 3 Words
• Transcription
• Translation
• Replication

• - DNA is being used to produce a strand of RNA
• RNA is then going out to the cytoplasm of this eukaryotic cell-because is has a nucleus

Red strip of RNA is being read by orange ribosomes as ribsomes leave the RNA are producing proteins which is called

DNA making more DNA-controlled mating has been a very important part of understanding molecular genetics

• frequency of characteristics and or alleles within a group of interbreeding organisms-discontinuous variation is when you can count phenotypes (different variation)
• -how commom is this gene-traits that are controlled by one or two genes 
• -ex:  cystic fibrosis and retina blastoma- phenotypes are discreet

• frequency of characteristics that are controlled by more than two genes = multi-genetic trait
•  -get a bell shaped curve, multiple genes 
• -ex:  hair color, height (shade of
• hair color or variation in height)            -
• continuous variation

-“Father of Transmission Genetics”

• “Fathers of Molecular Genetics”
• -first described the structure of DNA as a double helix

complete collection of DNA within a cell or the nucleus

• study of complete collection of DNA within a cell or the nucleus
• -Catalog of genes and where they are

• study of all the proteins produced by a cell or by an organelle
• -how in some cells the gene is active and makes a lot of protein and in another cell the gene is inactive and it does not make that protein 2 cells have the same genome
• but if they have been exposed to different environments during developmental
• process they will have different protions

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study of complete collection of DNA within a cell or the nucleus Catalog of genes and where they are genetics, understanding DNA?

• -Pea plants by Mendalin
• -Fruit flies
• -Mold or yeast- Eukaryote development- more similar to own mechanisms
• -Rabbits and mice- Physiological studies because they are mammals
• -Sea Allegans- transparent easy to study
• -E-coli bacteria- Prokaryote (no cell membrane)- short life span, lots of offspring, easy to grow

• -Reproduce quickly
• -Short life span
• -Easy to care for (small)
• -Large # of offspring
• -Variations in genetic makeup
• Plants have been used in genetics:
• -corn

Mendal

• -True breeding tall plant
• -True breeding short plant
• Followed down through the next several generations

Transmission genetics

• the study of the structure of the cell
• -Many early geneticists were cytologists who spent many hours looking at various cells under a microscope
• -You learned the phases of mitosis
• -They are described by what you
• see under the microscope

• -One camp of scientists looking at cells under microscope
• -Another camp of scientists doing controlled mating
• -Another camp of scientists doing biochemical stuff on model organisms
• When you start to combine all of those and they start to make a complete understandable story

• -Now we have a nice body of
• knowledge that we can call Genetics

• -Was harvested from various
• points Mating, Cytology, Biochemistry

2 researchers that were the Fathers of Biochemical Genetics

• looking at a metabolic pathway
• -      
• - you take one of those processes like glycolysis and you analyze
• all the intermediates; if you see a build up then you say there is an enzyme in
• the very next step must not be functioning because we get to that point and we
• can’t go on.  So it must be that enzyme
• that is not functioning correctly.  Let’s
• go check it’s gene let’s see if we can find out what gene controls that enzyme.

taking the DNA itself & determining its sequence, or where it is cut with specific restriction enzymes, etc. often referred to as biotechnology.

Biotechnology

-they were able to take a human gene; actually the gene that codes for the protein insulin and insert that gene into the genome of e-coli cells.  Then we can tell the e-coli cells to make insulin for us.

Recombinant DNA

• 4 different nucleotides A,C,G,T
• Human genome has 3 billion base pairs

• National Center for Biotechnology Information
• problem with site is there is so much information 

portion of NCBI database has scientific peer reviewed articles such as Cystic Fibrosis

• Online Mendalian Inheritance in Man
• Fun, less complicated
• summary of disease
• what gene is involved
• links w/ detailed info
• Ex: Diabetes Type II, Cystic Fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia

-Repository where any genetic sequence that has been published, discovered by a scientist is now stored, public access