DNA

• Adenine
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine

Watson and Crick

• A five carbon sugar. 
• Primes 1-5
• DNA

RNA

• Phosphate, Deoxyribose, Base
• Adening
• Guanine
• Cytosine
• Thymine

Double Helix

• Is single strand
• Sugar of RNA is Ribose
• RNA lack Thymine, it has Uracil.

• One molecule of Oxygen
• 2 Molecules of Oxygen

DNA polymerases

Each of the praent strands remains intact.

X-Ray picture that shows that DNA was a spiral molecule

DNA makes an exact complete copy

• Nuclein  (DNA)
• Nucleic Acid = Because it was discover that it was acidic

- Develop a vaccine against pneumonia (Straptus cockas)

• R (they survived)  - R was harmless  
• S (is pathogenic and is able to reproduce) they died S makes them sick…

• - Bacteria can do this.  They have the ability to absorb into their DNA.
• - Living Bacteria can absorb DNA that is in the environment into theirs and make it their own.

- Amino Acids  (20 Amino Acids)

• Nucleotides
• Chromosomes are 50% protein and 50% DNA

S- Extracted the generic material.  Chromotome material  Protein and DNA.He added an enzyme that destroy protein call Protease. Idea: If I destroy the protein it will not make the mice sick. Same experiment and he added DNase.  Enzyme that destroys DNA.

• Sugar (5-Carbon-Deoxyribonucleic Acid) DNA
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base
• - Adening
• - Guanine
• - Thymine
• - Cytosine

AT   and   GC

AU  and   GC

• Biologist
• Physicist
• Created a model of how DNA was constructed.

• R = Lived
• S = Died
• Killed-S = Lived
• R and Killed-S = Died

Double Hilix

Nucleotides

• Sugars
• Phosphate
• Nitrogen Base

AT   and   CG

DNA makes a copy of itself

Conserve half of the original molecule

It adds nucleotides onto the Deoxyribosome

Seals gaps in double-stranded DNA

Connect the Okazaki fragments together.

Has instructions to make one protein

Copy of one gene of DNA resulting in molecule of messenger RNA

Instructions will make that protein (Polypeptide)

Only one strand is copy in the process.

Making of that Polypeptide

rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

It is half of what Ribosome are made up.

2-Part Ribosome

1/2 Protein  and   1/2 rRNA

Picks up Amino Acids and carry to ribosomes

20 tRNA's, one per protein (Amino Acid)

DNA double Strand / RNA Single Strand

DNA Deoxyribose  /  RNA  Ribose

DNA 4 Base ATGC / RNA AUGC

Makes a coplet copy of itself

Length of one gene (mRNA)

The process of creating RNA with a DNA template.

Ribose 2 Oxygen

Deoxyribose missing Oxygen

The side that gets copied

3 - 5 direction

On Switch or Start Switch

Enzyme that will copy the DNA and make the messenger RNA (Transcription)

Binds to the promoter site of DNA strand

Ends at the termination site of the DNA.

Break the Hydrogen Bonds  (Templates)

5 - 3 Prime

Adds Neucleotides

Exon is good

Intron is garbage.

Start Codon

Initiation

Elongation

Termination

mRNA leaves nucleous

AUG and tRNA moves and attaches to 1st mRNA

2nd tRNA connect to mRNA

1st tRNA leaves

and so on for a full peptied

Completed Peptide

Separates from the mRNA

Ribosome will separate and will be re-used

150 Amino acids

Base-Pair substitution

DNA complete copy

mRNA creation

Used to translate the message.

Cuts the introns out of the mRNA

If more than one Ribosome attaches to the mRNA.

A strand of mRNA being worked by several Ribosomes

Type of mutation in which a single base-pair changes.  Affect which Amino acid you get...

Instead of CCU (Proline) you get UCU (Serine)

Mutation in which one or more base pairs are lost.

Leads to shifting.  Now with less letters.

Base deletion leads to frame shifts.

Mutation in which one or more base pairs become inserted into DNA.  Adding a letter so it shifts the Amino acids.

Call frame shift.

Spontenously

Chemicals can cause mutations

Radiation can cause mutation

Viruses

An agent that causes a mutation

Mutagen

Stretched out

Coiled

Chromatid

Place where the chromatids are connected

They are identical cells.

Mitosis

Meiosis

Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chhromosome number.  Basis of body growth and tissue repair in multi-celled eukaryotes; also aseual reproduction in some plants animals, fungi and protists

Nuclear division mechanism that maintains the chromosome number.  Basis of body growth and tissue repair

It takes place on the body cells which are called somatic cells.  The result of mitosis is the daughter cells having the same number of DNA (Chromosomes)

Mitosis: It is for growth.  (grow or replacement)

Mitosis is to replace your cells.  When they are worn out.

If you get a cut or injury, the cells are healed by the process of mitosis.

Daughter cells will have a complete complement of DNA.

They take place on (cells that are going to produce sex cells) germ cellsa.      

They get rise to sex cells.  That is the only place where meiosis occurs.

They produce either sperm or egg

46 Chromosomes on all of your body cells

23 cells for sex cells

Meiosis produces (23) gametes (sex cells) with half as many cells as the mother cell.  

Produces gametes  (sex cells)

G1 (Growth) – Growth, duplication of cell organelles.  Biochemical activity.

S – Synthesis of DNA.  This is where DNA REPLICATES.

G2 – Cells getting ready for cell division (G-Getting ready).

Mitosis – Division of the nucleus ONLY.  Not the cell.

Cytokinesis – Division of the cytoplasm.

G1 (Growth) – Growth, duplication of cell organelles.  Biochemical activity.

Synthesis of DNA.  This is where DNA REPLICATES.

G2 – Cells getting ready for cell division (G-Getting ready).

Mitosis– Division of the nucleus ONLY.  Not the cell

Division of the cytoplasm.

Sematic (body cells)

Fort growth, worn out cells, hurt cells

Asexual reproduction / Primitive animals / plants, organismx

The offspring is a clone of the parent

Somatic Cells

Gametes