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What are the different types of adaptation?
Behavioral; Structural; Biochemical; Physiological
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A form or structure modified to fit a changed environment
adaptation
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differential survival and reproduction of individuals within a population
natural selection
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the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals
artificial selection
-
what are the oldest known fossils?
prokaryote cells
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reveals that organisms have evolved in a historical sequence
fossil record
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What are the 3 most important points that came from Darwin's observations?
- 1. Individuals do not evolve, populations evolve
- 2. Natural selection can amplify or diminish
- only heritable traits, acquired characteristics cannot be passed on to
- offspring
- 3. Evolution is not goal directed and does not lead to perfection,
- favorable traits vary as environments change
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the similarity in characteristics that result from common ancestry
homology
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different forms of phenotypic characteristics
Polymorphism
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An example of natural selection
pesticide resistance in insects
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Comparisons of DNA and amino acid sequences between different organisms reveal evolutionary relationships
Molecular Biology
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history of life represented as a tree
Evolutionary Tree Diagram
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change in heritable traits in a population over generations
Evolution
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a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time
Population
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What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?
Microevolution is a gradual adaptation of a species to its environment and does not produce a new species in the short term. Macroevolution is dramatic biological changes that begin with the origin of new species.
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What are 3 causes of evolutionary change?
- 1. Natural Selection
- 2. Genetic Drift
- 3. Gene Flow
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distinction in appearance between males and females of a species
Sexual Dimorphism
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What is an advantage of being a heterozygote instead of a homozygote?
Heterozygotes have greater reproductive success than homozygotes
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Can natural selection create perfect organisms?
No
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a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same
time
Population
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How are insects and bacteria resistant to antibiotics or pesticides? What does this mean?
- Spraying pesticides and taking antibiotics more than needed (or before you are
- completely over your virus) can make the surviving insects and bacteria become
- resistant and produce more resistant offspring.
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when a new species is formed
Speciation
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What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Allopatric speciation is when a species is separated by geography. Sympatric Speciation is when a species is located in the same area.
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More than one set of chromosomes
Polyploidy
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a group of organisms whose members can breed and produce fertile offspring, but
who do not produce fertile offspring with members of other groups
Species
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Know the types of reproductive barriers and be able to identify examples of each
Prezygotic (prevent mating or fertilization between species) and Postzygotic (prevent the development of fertile adults)
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defines a species as a population or group of populations whose members have the
potential to interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
Biological species concept
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Can fusion occur in a hybrid zone?
yes
-
weak reproductive barriers between the two species, with considerable gene flow,
reverses speciation and two species become one again
Fusion
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many diverse species evolved from a common ancestor. Occur when a few organisms
colonize new unexploited areas and after a mass extinction
adaptive radiation
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Which element was probably not present in the early, primitive earth?
oxygen
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what energy sources were present in early earth?
volcanic activity, lightening, uv radiation
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What were the first organisms?
prokaryotes
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What were the first organisms composed of? RNA, DNA, or protein?
RNA
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What similarities do protobionts and modern-day cells share?
Structural organization, simple reproduction, simple metabolism, simple homeostasis
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What does life require?
Homeostasis and self-replication
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Prokaryotes are very important to eukaryotes. Why?
- The eukaryotic cell probably originated as a community of prokaryotes, when small
- prokaryotes capable of aerobic respiration or photosynthesis began living in
- larger cells
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documents the main events in the history of life
Fossil Record
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measures the decay of radioactive isotopes and can gauge the actual ages of fossils and
the rocks in which they are found
Radiometric Dating
-
can date fossils up to 75,000 years old
Carbon-14
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with a half life of 1.3 billion years, can be used to date volcanic rocks that are hundreds
of millions of years old.
Potassium-40
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slow,continuous movement of Earth’s crustal plates on the hot mantle
Continental Drift
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How did the Himalayas form?
When the plates collide, they form mountains
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The hypothetical landmass that existed when all continents were joined
Pangaea
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Over the last 600 million years, how many mass extinction events have occurred?
Five; in which 50% or more of the Earth’s species went extinct
-
(96% of shallow water marine species died because of extreme volcanism in Siberia
releasing CO2, warmed global climate, slowed mixing of ocean water, and reduced
oxygen availability in the ocean)
Permian extinction
-
(50% of marine species and many terrestrial lineages went extinct 65 million years
ago, likely because of a large asteroid that struck the earth, blocking light
and disrupting the global climate)
Cretaceous extinction
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a group of organisms forms new species, whose adaptations allow them to fill new
habitats or roles in their communities
adaptive radiation
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retaining juvenile traits into adulthood
Paedomorphic
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the gradual adaptation of existing structures to new functions
Exaptation
-
evolutionary history of a species or a group of species
Phylogeny
-
organisms not closely related evolve similar traits
Convergent evolution
-
What are two examples of horizontal gene transfer?
- 1. Gene transfer between a mitochondrial ancestor and the ancestor of eukaryotes
- 2. Gene transfer between a chloroplast ancestor and the ancestor of green plants
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