Devel Psych

Rousseau – nurturing

• selfish
• nature, Augustine

• Operant conditioning – learning to repeat a
• behavior b/c of the consequenes

Behaviors dependent on (positive or negative) reinforcement  or punishment

in to out, core develops before fingers

• The creation of synapses – connections b/w
• neurons
• Occurs rapidly during first years after birth
• Happens in spurts
• Brain weight quadruples by age 4

• Zone of proximal development – above indep level but below frustration level; what can be learned w/ help
• Scaffolding - building learning one block at a time.

• Information-Processing Theory –
• Theoretical perspective that uses a computer as a model to explain how the mind manages info. Sensory info -> sensory memory->info selected for processing->short-term memory->info to be stored permanently (long term memory) ->info needed to comprehend new info/techniques for processing new info.

building learning one block at a time.

• Bioecological theory – explains
• devel in terms of relationships between individuals and their env, or
• interconnected contexts. Person (biological context) -> mesosys (immediate
• context), exosystem (socioeconomic context), macrosys (cultural context).

• develops from top to bottom,
• (brain first)

• stable patterns in how ppl relate to those
• around them

basic behavioral and emotional predispositions

• Myelinization – formation of myelin sheath
• covering individual axons and insulating/speeding up neuronal processes

Noam Chomsky – innate ability called LAD (language acquisition device)

(skinner) – you can teach ppl to think by offering dif rewards

• infants learn to talk b/c they pay attention to
• language

Piaget

Cognitive development theory:

• Sensorimoter birth – 18mo
• Preoperational 18mo – 6yrs
• Concrete Operational 6-12yrs
• Formal operational 12+years

Scheme or shema – internal cognitive structure (learned knowledge)

• Assimilation – making use of experiences
• Accommodation – adjusting a scheme
• Equilibration – balancing assimilation and
• accommodation

Object permanence

• Primary circular reaction: simple
• repetitive actions organized around the infant’s own body

• Secondary circular reaction: baby
• repeatedly exhibits behavior to produce a desired outcome

• Means-end behavior: purposeful
• behavior to achieve a goal

• Tertiary circular reaction:
• experiment with different behaviors to ascertain the outcomes

internal cognitive structure (learned knowledge)

studies done over time, compares group to itself

• Social cognitive theory – theories that emphasize mental processes in devel like
• logic&memory.

theories that emphasize mental processes in devel likelogic&memory. (bandura)

Primitive reflexes such as curled toes in an infant

• Primitive reflexes
• Controlled by less sophisticated parts of the
• brain, should disappear by 6-8 months.
• Moro or startle reflex

• Dependent on four factors
• Attention, Memory, Physical capabilities,               Motivation
• Albert Bandura – Social cognitive theory – theories that emphasize mental processes
• in devel like logic&memory.

• Psychosexual theory – oral, anal, phallic,
• latency, genital stages.
• Id –libido
• Ego – thinking element
• Superego – moral judgment

Receptive language – the ability to understand words 8mo begin to store words, 9-10 can understand 20-30 words, 13mo 100+words and sentences. First words by 12mo

Expressive style –early vocab linked to social relationships

Learning language viewpoints

• Behaviorist
• (skinner) – you can teach ppl to think by offering dif rewards
•   
• Nativist– Noam Chomsky – innate ability called LAD (language acquisition device)

Interactionist– infants learn to talk b/c they pay attention to language

Influences on language development – infant direct speech (baby talk)

Early stages of learning development

Birth-1mo crying, 1-2mo laughing cooing, 6-7mo babbling, 9-10mo hand gestures

Receptive language – the ability to understand words

8mo begin to store words, 9-10 can understand 20-30 words, 13mo 100+words and sentences. 1st words by 12mo

Holophrases – Combining a single word w/ gestures to make a complete thought

Individ differences in lang devel

Expressive style –early vocab linked to social relationships

Referential style – early vocab made up of named things /people. Often advanced in understanding adult language.

making use of experiences

threadlike extensions of the cytoplasm of a neuron. receive signals.

• also known as a nerve fibre
• long, slender projection of a nerve cell (neuron),
• typically conducts electrical impulsesaway from the neuron's cell body. function=transmit information to different neurons, muscles and glands.

common to all, such as social clock

based on your cohort

unique events, genes, timing, sensitive periods, atypical.

• psychosocial theory:
• 1 trust vs. mistrust
• 2 autonomy vs. shame/doubt
• 3 initiative vs. guilt
• 4 identity vs. role confusion
• 5 intimacy vs. role confusion
• 6 intimacy vs. isolation
• 7 generatively vs. stagnation
• 8 integrity vs. dispair

(devel influenced by common cultural demands and internal drives. each state requires solution of crisis, healthy devel = ratio of =/- experiences).

identify norms in order to learn ab evolution of species & track devel of individ children

the genetic makeup of a cell

any chromosome pair that is not a sex chromosome (humans have 22)

• using cues from caregiver facial expressions
• helps to figure out novel situations helps to learn to regulate emotions

• o a test to measure the health of babies immediately and 5min after birth.
• o It measures heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, response to stimulation of feet, and color.

a mutual, interlocking pattern of attachment behaviors shared by a parent and child.

• self
• an infant's awareness that he/she is a separate person who endures through time and space and can act on the env.

the process of using a scheme to make sense of an event/experience

the gradual elimination of a behavior through repeated nonreinforcement.

a decline in attention that occurs b/c a stimulus has become familiar.