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brau2308
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Hyperkalemia:
increased levels of K in blood
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What causes hyperkalemia?
renal failure (kidneys don't filter K)
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What happens during hyperkalemia?
- concentration gradient causes diffusion into interstitial space
- changes in ratio of intracellulr to extracellular K
- shift in RMP that decreases intracellular negativity
- RMP closer to threshold, so easier to generate AP
- Causes excessive contractions of smooth mm
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What symptoms occur during hyperkalemia?
- cramping of GI tract
- Cardia: very rapid HR --heart won't fill (can result in death)
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Hypokalemia:
decreased level of K in blood
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What causes hypokalemia?
excessive dehydration, vomiting, diarrhea, etc.
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What occurs during hypokalemia?
- migration of K from interstitial to intravascular (blood) --trying to reach equilibrium
- ratio increases causing hyperpolarization
- RMP farther from threshold, so harder to fire
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What does hypokalemia cause?
decrease in activity of muscle (bradycardia, decreased peristalsis, and constipation
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Lidocaine
local anesthetic
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Lidocaine chemical binds to:
voltage-gated channel on receptor organs and axons of passage
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What does lidocaine do?
closes Na voltage-gated channels
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What does closing Na voltage-gated channels do?
- Na can't pass through channel
- depolarization can't occur, therefore no graded potential or AP
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What is lidocain used for?
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Curare:
naturally occurring plant compound that binds to nicotinic receptor sites
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What is the synthetic version of curare used in anesthesia?
pancuronium
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What does curare compete with?
ACh
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What does curare compete with ACh for?
receptor site
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Curare acts as an antagonist to:
ACh
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If curare is injected, it:
competes for nicotinic receptors associated w/ MEP, and skeletal mm can't contract
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What does curare do to mm?
paralyzes them
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What is curare used in?
surgery
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Succinylcholine is similar to:
curare
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What does succinylcholine prevent?
AP in skeletal mm
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Succinylcholine is an anesthetic to:
paralyze the pt during surgery
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To reverse the anesthesia effects of succinylcholine, pts are given:
succinylcholinesterase
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Anticholinesterase drugs prevent:
action of ACh-esterase
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What is ACh-esterase?
enzyme that naturally breaks down ACh
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What are some examples of anticholinesterase drugs?
- neostigmine
- physostigmine
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Anticholinesterase drugs increase the volume of:
ACh in NMJ
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What do anticholinesterase drugs do in the synaptic cleft?
- increase AP
- increase skeletal mm contractions
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Anticholinesterase drugs prolong:
mm contractions b/c you aren't breaking down ACh
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When ACh isn't breaking down, what happens?
- leads to convulsions and respiratory distress (respiratory arrest)
- suffocation if diaphragm is involved
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What is Anticholinesterase drug used for?
- antidote for chemical warfare agents
- to treat myasthenia gravis
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Myasthenia gravis:
neuromuscular disorder characterized by variable weakness of voluntary mm
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Myasthenia gravis improves w/:
rest
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Myasthenia gravis worsens w/:
activity
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What mm does myasthenia gravis cause weakness and fatigue to?
- extrinsic eye mm (causing double vision)
- soft palate
- pharynx
- mastication
- shoulders
- respiratory mm
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Myasthenia gravis causes destruction of:
ACh receptors on postsynaptic membrane at MEP (Ach can't bind and AP can't continue)
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You treat myasthenia gravis w/:
acetylecholenesterase drugs
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How is myasthenia gravis discovered?
lesion on skeletal mm
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What type of disease is myasthenia gravis?
progressive, autoimmune disease
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Botulinum toxin is produced by:
clostridium botulinum bacteria
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Botulinum toxin prevents:
release of ACh at NMJ by blocking calcium at presynaptic membrane
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What does botulinum toxin paralyze?
presynaptic membrane
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What does botulinum toxin prevent by paralyzing the presynaptic membrane?
release of toxin into cleft by blocking Ca ligand channels
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What happens if there is no release of ACh?
no end plate potential of sarcolemma of mm and can't contract (paralyzed)
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What is botulinum toxin commonly known as?
food poisoning
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What does no influx of Ca cause?
- no fusion pore comples
- no transmission of AP
- no mm contraction (if diaphragm, can suffocate)
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What is a diluted form of botulinum toxin used for?
- plastic surgery
- botox, called a pharmacological dennervation (lasts 3-4 mo)
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If not treated for botulinum toxin, you die of:
suffocation
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Nerve gases function as:
inhibitors of AChase
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What do nerve gases cause?
increase in ACh
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What does the increased ACh from nerve gases result in?
- activity of effector organs:
- lacrimal glands, salivary glands, cardiac mm, skeletal mm
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Nerve gases cause the lacrimal glands to:
excessively tear
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Nerve gases cause the salivary glands to:
excessively drool
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Nerve gases cause the cardiac mm to:
tachycardia, leads to heart failure
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Nerve gases cause the skeletal mm to:
go into seizure
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What is an antidote to nerve gases?
atropine
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What is atropine?
an ACh antagonist
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What does prozac block?
reuptake of serotonin
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The blocking of reuptake of serotonin from prozac involves:
pre and post-synaptic membranes
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Blocking of reuptake of serotonin from prozac occurs via:
endocytosis
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Blockage of reuptake of serotonin allows:
serotonin to remain in receptor
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Prozac may have a positive effect for what disorder?
depression, but it could cause side effects elsewhere
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What does Aspirin come from?
willow trees
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What is aspirin useful in?
pain reduction
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What does aspirin break down to reduce pain?
prostaglandin
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What does prostaglandin do?
activates Na channels
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Aspirin doesn't transmit what kind of info?
noxious
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Aspirin causes neurons to not convey:
pain to NS
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